positive and negative effect by corona essay with introduction
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As of May 15th, more than 4.5 million people worldwide has been infected and more than three hundred thousand died in the COVID-19 pandemic. To halt the epidemic, many countries have endorsed lockdown measures to ensure social distancing and reduce the pressure on medical institutions. Even after lockdowns, social distancing shall remain the norms for several months until herd immunity is built or/and the availability of COVID-19 specific anti-viral medicine and vaccination. The world gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to drop by 3.2 – 4.9% (UNDESA, 2020) demonstrating the serious effects of the pandemics on the world economy with the disruption of supply and production chains. The question of whether overall impacts on resource and waste management and the dynamics of material and energy flows will be positive remain uncertain. In this context, addressing the following points appear essential.
1. A pandemic that questions the viability of current supply chains
Criticality studies deal with the risk of supply disruption and the vulnerability of a system to this risk and usually concern rare geological resources (Graedel and Reck, 2015). The pandemics revealed the criticality of global supply chains could also concern usual commodities. Indeed, the first lockdown imposed in China in February revealed the dependency of the world economy to Chinese production as supply shortages related to metals, textiles, plastics, car parts, electronics, medicine and other goods for which China is the main world exporter occurred. After mid-March, many countries around the world imposed lockdown measures and production output went down in these countries reducing the demand on the parts produced in China. Health commodities experience an opposite trend with an increasing demand in all countries, especially Western countries where the absence of mask wearing habits and the lack of preparedness led to important mismatches between the supply and the demand for masks, medical gowns, disinfectant products, chemical products necessary for PCR tests and breathing apparatus. Critical studies are thus necessary to identify for all types of commodities the current vulnerabilities of supply chains, proposed more resilient ones and design more sustainable trade-off between local and global supply chains.
2. A pandemic with many potential effects to investigate
○ In industrial and service sectors, currently work-in-progress stocks in industries or service sectors cannot reach the market increasing storage
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