Question

Pre independence rural development program from

Answer 1

Early effort at rural development was initiated by Shri. Rabandranath Tagore in 1908 by establishing youth organization in the Kaligram Progana of his Zamindari, He tried to create a class of functionary workers who could learn to identify themselves with the people.  In 1921 he established a Rural Reconstruction Institute at Shantiniketan in West Bengal.  A group of eight villages was the centre of the programme.  This project, co-incidentally, had many elements of extension education in both spirit and action.  Activities like demonstration on scientific methods of agriculture, training of youths, adult education and health co-operatives were important aspects of the work aimed to make a group of villages self-reliant.  This was a very comprehensive programme combining culture, health, education and economic aspects of village life together.  Concept of village level workers and regeneration of village organization were put to work.  This project was closely guided by Mr. Leonard Elmhirst, an Englishman trained in economics from USA.
                        
Objectives of the Programme:

1. To create a real interest in people for rural welfare work.
2. To study rural problems and to translate conclusions into action.
3. To help villagers develop their resources and to improve village sanitation.

These objectives were desired to be achieved by creating a spirit of self-help, developing village leadership, organizing village scouts called Brati Balika, establishing training centers for handicrafts and establishing a demonstration centre at Shantiniketan.

These demonstration centers conducted demonstration or farmer’s holding for improved practices.  Under this programmes establishment of dairy to supply pure milk and better animals to the farmers poultry farm for development of farmers.  The students and worker of the institute were provided facilities for training in tanning, pottery, embroidery tailoring etc.  This institute also had a mobile library and runs night schools film shows in the rural areas.

Though the institute could not get much help from the government it could not conduct research work on the lines initially planned by R. N. Tagore and so its work remained limited to the eight villages only.  But in the course of history, the Government of Independence India did recognize it as an important pioneering centre of extension research in India.

2)  Marthandam:

The work was commenced by Dr. Spencer Hatch an American Agricultural expert in Travancore under the auspicious of young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in 1921.  The aim of the project was to bring more abundant life for rural people.  It was intended to symbolize the three-fold development, not only spiritual, mental and physical but also economic and social.  The essential technique of the centre was ‘Self-help with intimate expert counsel’.  From the demonstration centre at Marthandam, about hundred villages were covered through Y.M.C.A. centers in villages.  The extension secretary was appointed supervise the activities of the group.
Marthandam was in a strategic position to serve the villages.  It kept prize bulls and goats, model bee-lives, demonstration plots for improving grain and vegetable seeds, poultry runs with prize laying-hens, a weaving shed, etc.  Inside the centre, there was equipment like honey extractors, health charts and the items needed for other cottage vocations.  At the centre, cottage vocations were taught and agricultural implements tested.  The emphasis throughout was on self-help and co-operation.  The successful output of this project was the Egg-selling Club.  In 1939 which became a self governing body.  Another co-operative society was honey club, where the villagers were taught the use of modern bee-hives and extracted honey scientifically.  The honey was cured and marketed co-operatively.  There were Bull clubs, weaver’s blub also.  The activities conducted at centre could meet the mental, physical and spiritual needs of the villagers.  The main shortcomings of the project were inadequate funds and governmental help.  The activities were mainly organized the Marthandam and the village workers did not stay in villages.  The religious bias of the institution was also a major hindrance in its activites.

Answer 2

Answer:

Pride and Prejudice:- 1. This novel gives a glimpse of the world of women in genteel rural society. 2.This novel shows a society which encouraged women to look for 'good' marriages and find wealthy or propertied husband. ... This novel dealt with women women who broke establishec norms of society before adjusting to them.