preface & aknowlegement for class 9 physics project
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Preface and Acknowledgements
In many ways this volume has been a long time coming. While X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry (XRF) has been in the literature for many years and the archaeological
application since at least Edward Hall’s (1960) paper in Archaeometry, we had not
yet attempted to put it all together in a defined whole until now. X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry in all its many forms – including the two focused on here, energydispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WXRF) – has been one of the most important technologies used by archaeologists to explain the past through many of its paradigmatic shifts from
the Cultural Historical approach to the New or Processual Archaeology to PostProcessual Archaeology and to whatever normal science we are in now. Throughout these changes in the perspective on the past, archaeologists have increasingly
relied on XRF as a tool that has been used to address so many of the problems of
interpreting the past including, but certainly not limited to, lithic procurement,
exchange, group interaction, social identity, gender relations, and many other areas.
Through it all, XRF has been continually evolving from the older manual goniometer XRF instruments like I used in graduate school where the results of the peak
heights were simply printed out on a teletype and one had to generate individual
data reduction routines, to our sophisticated Windows-based software that leads
us through elemental acquisition, standard library construction, calibration, and
reliable results on instruments that are shrinking to hand-held sizes. As the computer and software revolutions have given us superior data analysis support, the
hardware itself has improved. EDXRF detectors now can process the chaotic
X-ray data through twenty-first century multi-channel analyzers, such that some
of the elemental data are as precise as that acquired by neutron activation analysis
(NAA) and other instrumentation in the geoarchaeological arsenal. It is now
possible for me to teach undergraduates how to analyse samples in minutes with
these advances in XRF technology. And yet, there is still an “art” of XRF that
comes through in these chapters. Sure, the instrumentation software can lead you
through an instrument set-up, but it does not show you how to place those pieces of
obsidian angular debris on the sample tray, such that the largest amount of material
is presented to the X-rays, or that zirconium numbers are better acquired when you
can get the sample right down at the preferred point of irradiation.
In many ways this volume has been a long time coming. While X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry (XRF) has been in the literature for many years and the archaeological
application since at least Edward Hall’s (1960) paper in Archaeometry, we had not
yet attempted to put it all together in a defined whole until now. X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry in all its many forms – including the two focused on here, energydispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WXRF) – has been one of the most important technologies used by archaeologists to explain the past through many of its paradigmatic shifts from
the Cultural Historical approach to the New or Processual Archaeology to PostProcessual Archaeology and to whatever normal science we are in now. Throughout these changes in the perspective on the past, archaeologists have increasingly
relied on XRF as a tool that has been used to address so many of the problems of
interpreting the past including, but certainly not limited to, lithic procurement,
exchange, group interaction, social identity, gender relations, and many other areas.
Through it all, XRF has been continually evolving from the older manual goniometer XRF instruments like I used in graduate school where the results of the peak
heights were simply printed out on a teletype and one had to generate individual
data reduction routines, to our sophisticated Windows-based software that leads
us through elemental acquisition, standard library construction, calibration, and
reliable results on instruments that are shrinking to hand-held sizes. As the computer and software revolutions have given us superior data analysis support, the
hardware itself has improved. EDXRF detectors now can process the chaotic
X-ray data through twenty-first century multi-channel analyzers, such that some
of the elemental data are as precise as that acquired by neutron activation analysis
(NAA) and other instrumentation in the geoarchaeological arsenal. It is now
possible for me to teach undergraduates how to analyse samples in minutes with
these advances in XRF technology. And yet, there is still an “art” of XRF that
comes through in these chapters. Sure, the instrumentation software can lead you
through an instrument set-up, but it does not show you how to place those pieces of
obsidian angular debris on the sample tray, such that the largest amount of material
is presented to the X-rays, or that zirconium numbers are better acquired when you
can get the sample right down at the preferred point of irradiation.
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write I ( full name) from class 9 (sec) i am representing this project . i m very thankful to my subject teacher who had inspired me to do this project and i will put my full effort to complete this project with in time which has been assigned to me .
secondly i thank to my parents, frinds,teachers, relatives etc. who has helped me in making this project and providing me all valuable materials which i had required to complete this project.
Explanation:plz mark me brainliest
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