Prepare a note on the 15th century trade
in Kozhikode collecting details from Ma-
Huan's descriptions
Answers
Answer:
Ma Huan, also known as Zongdao (courtesy name) and Mountain-woodcutter (pen name), was a Chinese traveller and interpreter who travelled with Admiral Zheng He on three of his seven journeys to the Western Oceans. Ma Huan was born in China somewhere between 1380 and 1460. Ma was a Muslim who was born in the Kuaiji Commandery of Zhejiang, which is now a part of Shaoxing. He was familiar with various Buddhist and Classical Chinese books. To be able to translate, he studied Arabic.
a page from Ma Huan's Yingya Shenglan, produced in woodcut during the Ming era.
He travelled to Champa, Java, Sumatra, Palembang, Siam, Kochi, and Hormuz on the fourth expedition (in 1413).
He travelled to Malacca, Aru, Sumatra, Trincomalee, Ceylon, Kochi, Calicut, Zufar, and Hormuz during the 1421 voyage.
He travelled to Bengal, Chittagong, Sonargaon, Gaur, and Calicut during the 1431 expedition. He was dispatched to Mecca as a messenger by Eununch Hong Bao from Calicut.
Ma Huan recorded information on the geography, politics, weather, environment, economy, local customs, and even the means of punishing criminals while on his expeditions. He started writing a book about his first journey after returning home, and the first draught was completed in 1416. During subsequent voyages, he revised and added to his first draught; the whole product was completed about 1451. The whole survey of the ocean's shores was the subtitle of his book, which was titled Yingya Shenglan.
There were several printed and handcopied versions produced throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties. The historian Feng Chengjun [zh] revised and commented the most recent authentic text of a printed edition. Ocean Publishing House in China has released a more modern version that was based on handcopied Ming era publications.
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