prepare a pictorial presentation indicating the important events of pakistan movement. i:1857 ii:1875 iii:1905 iv:1916 v:1940 give me right answer not wrong
Answers
Answer:
period of direct British rule over the Indian subcontinent from 1858 until the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. The raj succeeded management of the subcontinent by the British East India Company, after general distrust and dissatisfaction with company leadership resulted in a widespread mutiny of sepoy troops in 1857, causing the British to reconsider the structure of governance in India. The British government took possession of the company’s assets and imposed direct rule. The raj was intended to increase Indian participation in governance, but the powerlessness of Indians to determine their own future without the consent of the British led to an increasingly adamant national independence movement.
British raj
QUICK FACTS
DATE
1857 - 1947
LOCATION
India
Pakistan
PARTICIPANTS
British Empire
India
Pakistan
CONTEXT
East India Company
Government of India Acts
Indian Mutiny
KEY PEOPLE
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Khān
Charles John Canning, Earl Canning
James Andrew Broun Ramsay, marquess and 10th earl of Dalhousie
Mahatma Gandhi
John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence
Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st earl of Lytton
Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th earl of Mayo
Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten
Nana Sahib
Mangal Pandey
Background
Though trade with India had been highly valued by Europeans since ancient times, the long route between them was subject to many potential obstacles and obfuscations from middlemen, making trade unsafe, unreliable, and expensive. This was especially true after the collapse of the Mongol empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire all but blocked the ancient Silk Road. As Europeans, led by the Portuguese, began to explore maritime navigation routes to bypass middlemen, the distance of the venture required merchants to set up fortified posts.
The British entrusted this task to the East India Company, which initially established itself in India by obtaining permission from local authorities to own land, fortify its holdings, and conduct trade duty-free in mutually beneficial relationships. The company’s territorial paramountcy began after it became involved in hostilities, sidelining rival European companies and eventually overthrowing the nawab of Bengal and installing a puppet in 1757. The company’s control over Bengal was effectively consolidated in the 1770s when Warren Hastings brought the nawab’s administrative offices to Calcutta (now Kolkata) under his oversight. About the same time, the British Parliament began regulating the East India Company through successive India Acts, bringing Bengal under the indirect control of the British government. Over the next eight decades, a series of wars, treaties, and annexations extended the dominion of the company across the subcontinent, subjugating most of India to the determination of British governors and merchants.
The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857
In late March 1857 a sepoy (Indian soldier) in the employ of the East India Company named Mangal Pandey attacked British officers at the military garrison in Barrackpore. He was arrested and then executed by the British in early April. Later in April sepoy troopers at Meerut, having heard a rumour that they would have to bite cartridges that had been greased with the lard of pigs and cows (forbidden for consumption by Muslims and Hindus, respectively) to ready them for use in their new Enfield rifles, refused the cartridges. As punishment, they were given long prison terms, fettered, and put in jail. This punishment incensed their comrades, who rose on May 10, shot their British officers, and marched to Delhi, where there were no European troops. There the local sepoy garrison joined the Meerut men, and by nightfall the aged pensionary Mughal emperor Bahādur Shah II had been nominally restored to power by a tumultuous soldiery. The seizure of Delhi provided a focus and set the pattern for the whole mutiny, which then spread throughout northern India. With the exception of the Mughal emperor and his sons and Nana Sahib, the adopted son of the deposed Maratha peshwa, none of the important Indian princes joined the mutineers. The mutiny officially came to an end on July 8, 1859.
The important events that took place in Pakistan during the following periods is given as below
Explanation:
1857: The "Murree Rebellion" of 1857 part of the "1857 Indian Rebellion". The tribes of Murree Hill Station (nowadays Pakistan) and the colonial govt of British India were into "defiant skirmish". Over several years after the British settlement on the sub-continent, hostility against colonial rule had grown. Occasionally there were sporadic uprisings against the British. The "significance" of the 1857 events was that, with a strong expectation., the uprisings had a much broader sense of colonial dominance being overthrown.
1875: In the later decades of the 19th century, the Aligarh movement contributed towards the development of a formal education system for Muslim people in British India. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the director of the Oriental College and its other educational establishments, and was the guiding light of the movement. The "educational reform" laid the foundation and catalyst for the broader movement: an Indian Muslim Awakening with a strong impact on the Indian subcontinent' s religion, economy, culture and society.
1905: The beginning of the Pakistan Movement. In 1905, the British government agreed that the Bengali presidency should separate the predominantly Muslim eastern areas from the primarily Hindu western territories. The rise of the Swadeshi movement led by Indian revolutionaries had contributed to the reinstatement of the Presidency and to the Muslim reformers of India it was the recognising that they needed a separate "nation". Later, the "All India Muslim League" was established to defend the Muslim regions' interests & rights in the sub-continent, and ultimately also to create a new nation-state which secured the political interests of Indian Muslims owing to "political efforts & initiation" under the leadership of "Sir Syed Ahmad Khan".
1916: In December 1916, in a "joint session" of the parties in "Lucknow", the "Lucknow Pact" was an "agreement" signed by "Indian National Congress & the Muslim League". The pact allowed both parties to represent religious minorities in the "provincial legislatures". The Muslim leaders decided to join the movement of Congress calling for the "autonomy of the Indians".
1940: As the British implemented constitutional changes in India, Muslims discovered that in the framework of government they were to become a perpetual minority, and that their fundamental rights could never be secured. They comprised just quarter of total population of India and were even smaller than the rest of the Hindu community. They first called for independent votes to protect their democratic, religious and social freedoms. Because of political developments in the country they realized, however, that even the right of separate voters would not be sufficient and had to look for another long-term solution. The "Lahore Resolution" was passed and adopted by the "All-India Muslim League" on the occasion of its 3-day general session in "Lahore" on 22nd–24th March 1940. The address given by "Muhammad Ali Jinnah" in Lahore resolution was the moment when he, who was the former :supporter" of Hindu & Muslim unification, became the leader in the he fight for an "independent Pakistan"
Pic attachment order:left to right" Pakistan Movement, Lucknow Pact, Muree Rebellion, Aligarh Movement, & Lahore Resolution
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