Pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance. Explain this in detail. [5 Marks]
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Answer:
A solid can be converted into liquid and then to gas by decreasing the pressure and increasing the temperature.
A gas can be liquefied by increasing the pressure and decreasing the pressure. Same is the method for converting a liquid into a solid. Every state of matter of any substance is stable at a corresponding pressure and temperature. Thus, temperature and pressure determines the state of a substance.
The pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance.
Matter can exist in a solid, liquid or gaseous state, and the state a substance is in can be largely determined by its temperature.
Phase changes occur
When temperature or pressure change of a system occurs, phase changes occur. When the temperature or pressure increases, the interaction between the molecules increases. Similarly, when the temperature decreases, it is easier for molecules and atoms to settle into a more rigid structure.
Effects of Pressure and temperature
Temperature is a measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules. Pressure is also a factor when examining the effects of temperature on the various states of matter.
According to Boyle’s Law, temperature and pressure are directly related, meaning that an increase in temperature results in a corresponding increase in pressure. This is again caused by the increase in kinetic energy associated with increasing temperature.
At sufficiently low pressures and temperatures, solid matter may bypass the liquid phase and be converted directly from a solid to a gas through a process called sublimation.
Changes that occur when pressure and temperature is varied
On increasing pressure On decreasing pressure
Particles of matter come closer.
If pressure is frequently applied on a gas, particles of the gas come more closer and a stage is reached when gas may change into liquid.
If pressure is increasingly applied on a liquid, it will change into liquid.
On reducing pressure, particles of matter expand.
If reducing pressure is applied on a liquid, it will change into gas.
If reducing pressure is applied on a solid, it will change into liquid.
On increasing temperature On decreasing temperature
The kinetic energy of the particles increases.
Due to the increase in kinetic energy, the particles start vibrating with greater speed.
As a result, the particles leave their fixed positions and start moving freely.
If temperature is increasingly applied on solid, it will change into a liquid state.
On decreasing the temperature of any state, the particles come closer
If we apply reducing temperature on gas, it will change into liquid.
If we apply reducing temperature on liquid, it will change into solid.
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