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1. Soil is the topmost layer of the surface of the Earth.
2. Different types of soil are found in India.
3. Alluvial soil is the most fertile soil.
4. Mountain soil is rich in nitrogen and humus.
5. Desert soil is sandy.
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Answer:
1. Topsoil is the upper, outermost layer of soil, usually the top 5–10 inches (13–25 cm). It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth's biological soil activity occurs. Topsoil is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air.
2. In India, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has classified soils into 8 categories. Alluvial Soil, Black Cotton Soil, Red Soil, Laterite Soil, Mountainous or Forest Soils, Arid or Desert Soil, Saline and Alkaline Soil, Peaty and Marshy Soil are the categories of Indian Soil.
3. Alluvial soil is the most fertile soil because it has loamy texture and is rich in humus. It has good water absorbing capacity and water retention capacity.
4. Mountain soil is very rich because it contains very fertile and rich organic matter which makes it rich
5. Desert soil is mostly sandy soil (90–95%) found in low-rainfall regions. It has a low content of nitrogen and organic matter with very high calcium carbonate and phosphate, thus making it infertile. The amount of calcium is 10 times higher in the lower layer than in the topsoil.
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