progress of the Indian education sector after independence 700 words
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India and Pakistan were partitioned and given independence in 1947, after which there was remarkable improvement in scientific and technological education and research; illiteracy, however, remained high. The new constitution adopted by India did not change the overall administrative policy of the country. Education continued to be the prime responsibility of the state governments, and the union (central) government continued to assume responsibility for the coordination of educational facilities and the maintenance of appropriate standards in higher education and research and in scientific and technical education.
In 1950 the government of India appointed the Planning Commission to prepare a blueprint for the development of different aspects of life, including education. Thereafter, successive plans (usually on a five-year basis) were drawn and implemented. The main goals of these plans were (1) to achieve universal elementary education, (2) to eradicate illiteracy, (3) to establish vocational and skill training programs, (4) to upgrade standards and modernize all stages of education, with special emphasis on technical education, science, and environmental education, on morality, and on the relationship between school and work, and (5) to provide facilities for high-quality education in every district of the country.
From 1947 the government of India also appointed three important commissions for suggesting educational reforms. The University Education Commission of 1949 made valuable recommendations regarding the reorganization of courses, techniques of evaluation, media of instruction, student services, and the recruitment of teachers. The Secondary Education Commission of 1952–53 focused mainly on secondary and teacher education. The Education Commission of 1964–66 made a comprehensive review of the entire field of education. It developed a national pattern for all stages of education. The commission’s report led to a resolution on a national policy for education, formally issued by the government of India in July 1968. This policy was revised in 1986. The new policy emphasized educational technology, ethics, and national integration. A core curriculum was introduced to provide a common scheme of studies throughout the country.
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Pulling itself out from widespread illiteracy, India has managed to bring its education system at par with the global standards. We have made significant progress in the arena of education in the 70 years since independence. The picture in the field of education was completely different in 1947 than now. India has come a long way in terms of its overall literacy rate with more number of universities and educational institutions. In 2001, the literacy rate was 64.8 per cent which has gone up to 73 per cent in 2011. It stood at a paltry 18.33% in 1951. Currently, India's higher education system is the largest in the world enrolling over 70 million students in less than two decades.
Spread of Higher Education
Higher education, once the prerogative of elite, is now easily accessible to a large segment of society. The government established different education commissions in order to address educational challenges and recommend comprehensive policies for education and also for the improvement of the education system in India.
Commissions and Reforms
Central Advisory Board of India decided to set up two commissions, one to deal with university education and the other to deal with secondary education.
i) University education commission (1948)
The first and foremost commission to be appointed in independent India was the University education commission of 1948, under the chairmanship of Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, to report on the status of Indian university education, and suggest improvements and extensions that would be desirable to suit the then and future requirements of the nation.
The commission also aimed at creating universities which would provide knowledge and wisdom for an inclusive development of the personality of students. This report proposed the reconstruction of education system in tune with the vision of Indian Constitution.
ii) Mudaliar Commission (1952-53)
The recommendations of Mudaliar commission occupy a very significant place in the development of secondary education in Independent India. It emphasized the need of training Indians in the democratic way of life.Some reforms were introduced in the educational system of the country based on the reports and recommendations, for example, the introduction of Higher Secondary scheme along with Three Year Degree Course and the opening of more and more vocational and technical schools and colleges. Education became the responsibility of both state and central governments.
Kothari Commission
(1964-1966)
The Mudaliar commission was followed by the appointment of the Indian education commission under the chairmanship of D.S Kothari, popularly known as Kothari commission; it was entrusted with the tasks of dealing with all aspects and sectors of education and to advise the government on the evolution of national system of education.
National Education Policy (1968): It is in accordance with the recommendations of this commission the National education policy of 1968 was formulated. The most important development in improving the education sector came with National education policy in 1968. It drew out the prospects of education to all sections of the society to accomplish the goal of harmony and integration. It was well promoted use of regional languages in secondary schools for an effective teacher-student relationship. The prominence was given to Hindi as a medium of instruction in schools.
It was viewed that education had the power to work as a popular instrument of social, economic and political change. Educational objectives were rather related to long term national aspirations.Further, Government set up commissions to review the development of the education in modern period particularly since independence and came to the conclusion that Indian education needs a drastic reconstruction, almost a revolution, to realise the constitutional goals and to meet the various problems facing the country.