Project for comparative study of the Harappan and mesopotamian civilizations
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i can give you my project(photo) in ur mail id. i have some part of my project typed which s pasted below.
Introduction:-
The heart of the history of India or the first human life of Indian subcontinent, the Great Indus valley civilisation. It is also known as “The Harrapan civilisation.” It was spreaded across parts of India as well as large part of Pakistan. The name Indus valley comes from its main river in its river system which is the Indus River. It was a civilisation of the Bronze Age and it dated from 3000 BC – 1500 BC. It was one the 1st civilisations taking place in the world history. The people of Indus valley civilization were extremely peaceful and advanced in farming. They were also good in the field of trade. They traded with the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization.
The land of Ziggurats or the Mesopotamian civilization was known for its complex government structures. The area of it was just like in the shape of a crescent and so was also called “the ancient fertile crescent area”. It was situated between the two fertile rivers- Tigris and Euphrates. It was in existence from 3500-1800 BC. These people were hot-minded and used to fight which caused often wars between people, rulers and other countries. Due to these wars the civilization declined.
Main content:-
Geography:-
Mesopotamian civilization is mostly located in Iraq. It forms a crescent shape and so is called “the fertile crescent”. Mesopotamia encompasses the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which have their headwaters in the Armenian Highlands. Both rivers are fed by numerous tributaries, and the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region. Overland routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult. The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert expanse in the north which gives way to a 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) region of marshes, lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks in the south. In the extreme south, the Euphrates and the Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf. There were three major problems of the geography which are unpredictable floods/dry summers, no natural barriers for protection as the small villages were in the open plains which were defenceless, & lastly there were limited natural resources like metal, wood and stone. But for this they found a excellent solution which is building of irrigation ditches, city walls with mud bricks, and trade of resources which couldn’t be found there respectively.
The Indus Valley Civilization encompassed most of Pakistan and parts of south-western India, and Afghanistan, extending from Pakistani Baluchistan in the west to Uttar Pradesh in the east, north-eastern Afghanistan to the north and Maharashtra to the south. It had rich agricultural lands which were surrounded by highlands, desert, and ocean. The climate was pleasant and cool; also it was ideal for farming due to the monsoon rains.
weapons:-
Indus valley civilization was a peaceful civilization. The people were more attached to agriculture and trading and thus usage of weapons was found very less. Other than weapons there are many agricultural tools found such as the plough, etc. The weapons which could be found are sword, spears, daggers, saw, bow and arrow, etc. Many of these were made up of bronze.
The Mesopotamians were advanced in the science of making tools and weapons. The Sumerians were expert in making unique and advanced tools and weaponry which helped them to last long. Sumerians developed the wheel to use it in the farm as well as in the wars. The geography of this civilization is such that the water can’t reach every part of the civilization. Thus they developed efficient water transporting system which could be evident through the “Hanging Gardens of Babylon.” Moving towards weaponry they used usually bronze for it. The main weapons are Bow and arrow, spears, battle axes, etc. They also had war chariots which would help them to move fast for attack. They used several other equipments such as the Javelins, etc. For defence they used to have helmets and armours
Introduction:-
The heart of the history of India or the first human life of Indian subcontinent, the Great Indus valley civilisation. It is also known as “The Harrapan civilisation.” It was spreaded across parts of India as well as large part of Pakistan. The name Indus valley comes from its main river in its river system which is the Indus River. It was a civilisation of the Bronze Age and it dated from 3000 BC – 1500 BC. It was one the 1st civilisations taking place in the world history. The people of Indus valley civilization were extremely peaceful and advanced in farming. They were also good in the field of trade. They traded with the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization.
The land of Ziggurats or the Mesopotamian civilization was known for its complex government structures. The area of it was just like in the shape of a crescent and so was also called “the ancient fertile crescent area”. It was situated between the two fertile rivers- Tigris and Euphrates. It was in existence from 3500-1800 BC. These people were hot-minded and used to fight which caused often wars between people, rulers and other countries. Due to these wars the civilization declined.
Main content:-
Geography:-
Mesopotamian civilization is mostly located in Iraq. It forms a crescent shape and so is called “the fertile crescent”. Mesopotamia encompasses the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which have their headwaters in the Armenian Highlands. Both rivers are fed by numerous tributaries, and the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region. Overland routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult. The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert expanse in the north which gives way to a 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) region of marshes, lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks in the south. In the extreme south, the Euphrates and the Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf. There were three major problems of the geography which are unpredictable floods/dry summers, no natural barriers for protection as the small villages were in the open plains which were defenceless, & lastly there were limited natural resources like metal, wood and stone. But for this they found a excellent solution which is building of irrigation ditches, city walls with mud bricks, and trade of resources which couldn’t be found there respectively.
The Indus Valley Civilization encompassed most of Pakistan and parts of south-western India, and Afghanistan, extending from Pakistani Baluchistan in the west to Uttar Pradesh in the east, north-eastern Afghanistan to the north and Maharashtra to the south. It had rich agricultural lands which were surrounded by highlands, desert, and ocean. The climate was pleasant and cool; also it was ideal for farming due to the monsoon rains.
weapons:-
Indus valley civilization was a peaceful civilization. The people were more attached to agriculture and trading and thus usage of weapons was found very less. Other than weapons there are many agricultural tools found such as the plough, etc. The weapons which could be found are sword, spears, daggers, saw, bow and arrow, etc. Many of these were made up of bronze.
The Mesopotamians were advanced in the science of making tools and weapons. The Sumerians were expert in making unique and advanced tools and weaponry which helped them to last long. Sumerians developed the wheel to use it in the farm as well as in the wars. The geography of this civilization is such that the water can’t reach every part of the civilization. Thus they developed efficient water transporting system which could be evident through the “Hanging Gardens of Babylon.” Moving towards weaponry they used usually bronze for it. The main weapons are Bow and arrow, spears, battle axes, etc. They also had war chariots which would help them to move fast for attack. They used several other equipments such as the Javelins, etc. For defence they used to have helmets and armours
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