Question

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11. Collect the information about useful and important fungal organisms
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Answer 1

Explanation:

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), which share a common ancestor (from a monophyletic group), an interpretation that is also strongly supported by molecular phylogenetics. This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similar myxomycetes (slime molds) and oomycetes (water molds). The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology (from the Greek μύκης mykes, mushroom). In the past, mycology was regarded as a branch of botany, although it is now known fungi are genetically more closely related to animals than to plants.

Abundant worldwide, most fungi are inconspicuous because of the small size of their structures, and their cryptic lifestyles in soil or on dead matter. Fungi include symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi and also parasites. They may become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or as molds. Fungi perform an essential role in the decomposition of organic matter and have fundamental roles in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment. They have long been used as a direct source of human food, in the form of mushrooms and truffles; as a leavening agent for bread; and in the fermentation of various food products, such as wine, beer, and soy sauce.

Answer 2

Answer:

Some uses of fungi are producing antibiotics such as penicillin, used in baking and fermentation, used as delicacies, and as biocontrol agents.

Explanation:

Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that have numerous uses. Due to their uncountable uses, these fungi are very important economically.

• Penicillin - produced by sac fungus penicillium - is used as an antibiotic.
• Yeast - is used while baking bread and cakes.
• Some wild yeasts such as  Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used in fermentation while making wine and beers.
• Some fungi such as truffles and morels are enjoyed as delicacies by humans.
• Some fungi such as Beauveria bassiana can be used as biocontrol agents to control different insects and pests.
• Mycorrhiza - Symbiotic association with plants where the fungi absorb nutrients for the plants. This increases the productivity of the land farms.
• Different molds of fungi (Penicillium) help in the ripening of the cheese.