project work on history changing cultural traditions class 11th what is the outcome of the project
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Changing cultural Traditions class 11 Notes History
Last Updated: March 14, 2019 by myCBSEguide
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Changing cultural Traditions class 11 Notes History
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Changing cultural Traditions class 11 Notes History
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Significant changes took place in Europe from fourteenth to seventeenth centuries which influenced the cultural traditions of Europe. From the nineteenth century, historians used the term ‘Renaissance’ to describe the phenomenon that mark this change of cultural traditions of the period.
Meaning of Renaissance
The term ‘Renaissance’ literally means ‘rebirth’, this French word was first used by a Swiss scholar, Jacob Burckhardt, in 1860. During the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries, a new humanist culture popularised the idea that man is an individual. Italian universities were centres of legal studies .
Renaissance meant revival of the ancient Greek and Latin culture. It first began in Italy, followed by Rome, Venice and Florence.
The term ‘Renaissance Man’ is often used to describe a person with many interests and skills, because many of the individuals who became well known at this time were people of many parts. They were scholar-diplomat-theologian-artist combined in one.
Renaissance aroused the spirit of equality among the people and attacked on the superstitions and rituals prevailing in the society.
Social, political and economic life of the people were deeply affected by Renaissance.
Causes of Renaissance
Contact of the East and the West: With the expansion of trade between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic countries, the ports on the Italian coast revived. From the twelfth century, as the Mongols opened up trade with China via the Silk Route and as trade with western European countries also increased, Italian towns played a central role. They no longer saw themselves as part of a powerful empire, but as independent city-states.
Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks: In 1453 Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantine ruler of Constantinople. In the late fourteenth century, long-distance trade declined, and then became difficult after the Turks conquered Constantinople. Italians managed to do business with Turks, but were now required to pay higher taxes on trade. The possibility that many more people could be brought into the fold of Christianity made many devout Christian Europeans ready to face adventure.
Crusades: The ‘Crusades’ against the Turks began as a religious war between Christians and Muslims.
Decline of Feudalism: By the end of sixteenth century, feudalism began to decline paving the way for new order in the society.
Rise of new towns & trade: Expansion in agriculture was accompanied by growth in three related areas: population, trade and towns. From the fourteenth to the end of the seventeenth century, towns were growing in many countries of Europe. A distinct ‘urban culture’ also developed. Towns – particularly Florence, Venice and Rome – became centres of art and learning. One of the most vibrant cities was Venice, another was Genoa.
Rise of the new middle class: With the downfall of feudalism a mew middle-class emerged which mainly comprised the townspeople. They began to think of themselves as more ‘civilised’ than rural people.