Prompt If you were a Native American from Texas, would you have been happier as a member of a farming community, like those of the Southeast and Southwest, or as a member of a hunter/gatherer community, like those of the Western Gulf and the Plains? In your answer, choose one of the four regions and explain why that region seemed like the best place to be as a Native American in Texas. Your answers should include information about type of lifestyle, diet, housing, and relations with other Native American tribes.
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Karankawas were the first people Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca met when he washed up on the Texas shore near Galveston Island in 1528. Their meeting was the first documented encounter between American Indians and Europeans in present day Texas. While the Karankawa fed and sheltered Cabeza de Vaca and his companions, the tribe responded very differently to the French and Spanish colonizers who arrived later. Karankawas initially greeted René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, and the members of his expedition when they arrived in Matagorda Bay in 1685. However, after La Salle's men stole a canoe from the Karankawa, relations soured and the two groups fought against each other frequently. After several hostile acts on both sides, Karankawas attacked La Salle’s settlement, Fort St. Louis, in 1688, leaving no survivors except for the children, who were adopted into the tribe.
When the Spanish began establishing a presence in Karankawa territory in the 1700s Karankawas resisted the Spaniards’ efforts to convert them to Christianity and confine them to missions. When Franciscan priests built Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga at Matagorda Bay, the nearby Karankawas refused to relocate there or accept the priests’ teachings. Within just four years, the Spanish relocated the mission elsewhere to serve other tribes.
While Karankawas withstood initial contact with the Spanish, their fortunes changed in the early 1800s. Comanche attacks, disease, and conflicts with European-Americans all took a heavy toll on the tribe and their numbers began to decline sharply. In 1858, the few remaining Karankawas were living near Rio Grande City when a group of men led by Juan Nepomuceno Cortina attacked and killed them all, decimating the tribe.
Karankawa, From the Manuscript Collection: Jean Louis Berlandier, 1827–1830.<br />Image courtesy of the Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa SHARE
Karankawa, From the Manuscript Collection: Jean Louis Berlandier, 1827–1830.
Image courtesy of the Gilcrease
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