provide at least two theroethical expanations for offending and victimization related to race and ethnicity
include juveniles and gangs in your explanation
Answers
Robert Agnew (1992) renewed interest in strain theory by expanding Merton’s original formulation. He incorporated the premise that the removal (or loss) of positive stimuli or the introduction of negative stimuli into an environment can cause a strain such that, as with blocked opportunities, the removal or loss of positive stimuli from an individual can result in criminal behavior. As for the removal of positively valued stimuli, Agnew (1992) specifically pointed to the following conditions: “loss of a boyfriend/girlfriend, the death of or serious illness of a friend, moving to a new school district, the divorce/separation of one’s parents, suspension from school, and the presence of a variety of adverse conditions at work” (p. 57). Turning to the presentation of negative stimuli, Agnew pointed to the following: child abuse and neglect, criminal victimization, physical punishment, negative relations with parents, negative relations with peers, adverse or negative school experience, stressful life events, verbal threats and insults, physical pain, unpleasant odors, disgusting scenes, noise, heat, air, pollution, personal space violations, and high density.