Question

Provide notes for chapter 5 industries. ​

Answer 1

↪Industries Classified on the basis of Raw Materials:

☯️agro-based, mineral-based, marine-based and forest-based. 

☯️Agro-based industries use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials-examples are food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries. 

☯️Mineral based industries- primary industries use mineral ores as their raw materials- products of these industries feed other industries-one product is Iron made from iron ore- used as raw material for the manufacture of a number of other products, such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches. 

☯️Marine based industries- use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials- Given examples are Industries processing seafood or manufacturing fish oil. 

☯️Forest based industries-utilise forest produce as raw material- industries associated with forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.

↪Industries Classified on the basis of Size: Size refers to the amount of capital invested, the number of people employed and the volume of production- classified into the small scale and large scale industries-Cottage or household industries where products are manufactured by hand by the artisans-Examples of cottage industry are basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts. 

☯️Small scale industries– use a lesser amount of capital and technology. 

☯️Large Scale Industries-produce large volumes of products-investment of capital is higher- technology used is superior- Silk weaving and food processing industries are small scale industries while Production of automobiles and heavy machinery are large scale industries.

↪Industries Classified on the basis of Ownership: Private sector, state-owned or public sector, joint sector and cooperative sector. 

☯️Private Sector Industries-owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. 

☯️Public Sector Industries– owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited. 

☯️Joint Sector Industries-owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals-Maruti Udyog Limited is an example. 

☯️Cooperative Sector Industries-owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both-Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy.

Answer 2

• Raw Material:
• Raw materials are basic material used in any industry and they can be classified on the basis of raw materials.
• Industries under this are of agro-based(depends of agriculture products), mineral-based (based on mines),marine-based(water-based) and forest-based.
• Size of Industries: Size refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.
• Industries based on size are classified into small scale and large scale industries.
• Small Scale Industries:
• Small scale industries manufacture products by hand and include cottage and household industry. These industries use lesser amount of capital and technology. For example, Basket-weaving, pottery, and other handicraft industries.
• In India, small scale industry gives employment to around 35% population.
• Large Scale Industries:
• Large scale industries produce large volumes of products. The investment of capital is higher and technology is superior. For example, production of automobiles and heavy machinery.
• After independence, India gave emphasis to this sector for development.
• Most developed nations shows existence of large scale industries on the other hand more small scale industries are exist in developing and under developed world.
• Ownership: On the basis of ownership, industries can be classified into the following sectors:
• Private Sector Industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd., Indian Oil Cooperation.
• Public sector industries are owned and operated by the government. For example, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited.
• Joint Sector Industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. For example Maruti Udyog Limited.
• Cooperative Sector Industries: These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. For example Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy. Initially, in India most of the industries were under public sector but with passage of time privatisation was done at extensive level.