put down some steps to check industrial pollution in India .
answer for 5 marks.
Answers
Explanation:
This brief argues that the understanding of city-level air quality could be strengthened if residents who live in spaces where industries are present, are able to access information about industrial emissions in their areas. Indeed, even as there are some 4,000 OCEMS (online continuous emissions/effluents monitoring systems) in place in different pollutive industries across the country, the data they collect—inarguably vital for public health—is largely inaccessible to the public; in the few cases that the data is accessible, it remains opaque. The imperative is for these thousands of monitors to be immediately brought under a transparent regime where the data can be analysed, verified and reported.
Attribution: Chetan Bhattacharji and Ronak Sutaria, “Tackling Industrial Pollution in India: Where is the Data?” ORF Issue Brief No. 423, November 2020, Observer Research Foundation.
Introduction
Hundreds of millions of people in India are continually exposed to toxic air:[1] they inhale, for example, a 24-hour average of up to 25 micrograms/cubic metre of air of the deadly, microscopic pollutant, PM 2.5—far above the World Health Organization’s (WHO) limit of 10 micrograms/cubic metre. With long-term exposure, this particulate matter goes deep into the lungs and on to other organs and systems, gradually defeating the body’s defence mechanism. Repeated exposure to toxic air causes cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, lung and other cancers, strokes, pre-term birth, type-2 diabetes, and other illnesses.[2]
Since February 2014, the government of India has been monitoring industrial emissions and effluents in rivers and lakes across the country. The monitoring is done through what is called the Online Continuous Emissions/Effluents Monitoring Systems (OCEMS). There are 17 categories[3] of industrial units that are required to have OCEMS—these include power plants; aluminium, zinc, copper plants; cement plants; distilleries; fertilisers, iron and steel plants; oil refineries; petrochemicals; and tanneries. The emissions monitored under the OCEMS regulations include particulate matter (PM), CO (carbon monoxide), NOx (nitrogen oxide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide), and fluoride.
In mid-March 2020, discussions in Parliament indicated that there were some 3,700 OCEMS[4] installed in different industrial locations across the country. A month earlier, Parliament was informed by the Union government that the total number of targeted units was 4,245.
Meanwhile, there are only 234 continuous air pollution monitors[5] (also known as CAAQMS – Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Systems) in the country as of October 2020; the data from these monitors serve as basis for the AQI or national Air Quality Index. By this yardstick, it is apparent that the scale of monitoring of pollutants is bigger in the country’s industrial sector. The OCEMS network is regulated by the same regulatory body, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), and monitors similar parameters as those covered by the CAAQMS. However, in the OCEMS, the commissioning and operations of the monitoring systems is left to the same industries which are themselves being monitored for their emissions.
While the installation and operations of CEMS equipment is highly technical, the understanding of the data from the CEMS network does not need to be as complex. The nuance of this is best understood by identifying who are the people most affected by the pollution from these industrial units where the CEMS equipment
Answer:
Five measures to control industrial pollution in India:
1. Fresh water pollution can be reduced by harvesting rain water and processing the materials by reusing and recycling.
2. Hot water and effluents must be treated before releasing into rivers or ponds and ground water reserves must not be overdrawn.
3. Smoke stacks with fabric filters, inertial separators etc. must be fitted into factories to reduce particulate matter in the air
4. Machinery and equipment can be fitted with silencers to reduce noise.
5. Oil and gas can be used instead of coal to reduce smoke.
Explanation:
Industrial pollution is one of the main causes of pollution worldwide. Apart from health hazards, water pollution due to discharge of contaminated water and global warming are some of the harmful effects of industrial pollution. Industry accounts for more than half the volume of all water pollution and for the most deadly pollutants. Some 370,000 manufacturing facilities in the United States of America alone use huge quantities of freshwater to carry away wastes of many kinds. The waste-bearing water, or effluent, is discharged into streams, lakes, or oceans, which in turn disperse the polluting substances. In its National Water Quality Inventory, reported to Congress in 1996, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concluded that approximately 40% of the nation’s surveyed lakes, rivers, and estuaries were too polluted for such basic uses as drinking supply, fishing, and swimming. The pollutants include grit, asbestos, phosphates and nitrates, mercury, lead, caustic soda and other sodium compounds, sulfur and sulfuric acid, oils and petrochemicals.(Sell, 1992)
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Industrial pollution is one of the main causes of pollution worldwide. Apart from health hazards, water pollution due to discharge of contaminated water and global warming are some of the harmful effects of industrial pollution. Industry accounts for more than half the volume of all water pollution and for the most deadly pollutants. Some 370,000 manufacturing facilities in the United States of America alone use huge quantities of freshwater to carry away wastes of many kinds. The waste-bearing water, or effluent, is discharged into streams, lakes, or oceans, which in turn disperse the polluting substances. In its National Water Quality Inventory, reported to Congress in 1996, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concluded that approximately 40% of the nation’s surveyed lakes, rivers, and estuaries were too polluted for such basic uses as drinking supply, fishing, and swimming. The pollutants include grit, asbestos, phosphates and nitrates, mercury, lead, caustic soda and other sodium compounds, sulfur and sulfuric acid, oils and petrochemicals.(Sell, 1992)
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In addition, numerous manufacturing plants pour off undiluted corrosives, poisons, and other noxious byproducts. The construction industry discharges slurries of gypsum, cement, abrasives, metals, and poisonous solvents. Another pervasive group of contaminants entering food chains is the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds, components of lubricants, plastic wrappers, and adhesives. In yet another instance of pollution, hot water discharged by factories and power plants cause thermal pollution by increasing water temperatures. This increase changes the level of oxygen dissolved in a body of water, thereby disrupting the water’s ecological balance, killing off some plant and animal species while encouraging the overgrowth of others.
Global warming is one of the most common and serious consequences of industrial pollution. The emission of various greenhouse gases such as CO2, methane (CH4), among others from various industries, increases the overall temperature of the earth, resulting in global warming. Global warming has various serious hazards, both on the environment as well as on human health. It results in melting of glaciers and snow-capped mountains, causing an increase of the water levels in seas and rivers, thereby increasing the chances of flood. Apart from this, global warming also has numerous health risks on humans, such as increase of diseases such as malaria and dengue, cholera, Lyme disease and plague, among others.(Freeman, 1995)
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