Q. 1 Which kind of economic changes occurred in Russian society during 20th Century?
Q. 2. Write about the main features of the Russian industrialization?
Q. 3. How the first world war prepared a base for the Russian Revolution?
Q. 4. Which changes were declared by Bolsheviks in October
1917
Answers
Answer:
1. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and collapse of Russia's controlled economy, a new Russian Federation was created under Boris Yeltsin in 1991. The Russian Federation had multiple economic reforms, including privatization and market and trade liberalization, due to collapse of communism. Though the economy is much more stable compared to the early 1990s, inflation still remains an issue for Russia .
2. Researchers highlight the following features of industrialisation:
As the main link were selected investment sectors: metallurgy, engineering, industrial construction;
Pumping funds from agriculture to industry using price scissors;
The special role of the state in the centralization of funds for industrialisation;
The creation of a single form of ownership – socialist – in two forms: state and cooperative-collective farm;
Industrialisation planning;
Lack of private capital (cooperative entrepreneurship in that period was legal);
Relying on own resources (it was impossible to attract private capital in the existing external and internal conditions);
Over-centralized resources.
3. Russia entered World War I on July 28, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia's ally, Serbia. The Russian Empire sent an ultimatum to Austria-Hungary stating that if Austria-Hungary showed aggression toward its allies, Russia would meet with military action. Once Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia, the German Empire followed suit. In accordance with its war plan, Germany ignored Russia and moved first against France by declaring war on August 3 and sending its main armies through Belgium to attack Paris from the north.
The invasion of Belgium and threat to France caused Britain to declare war on Germany on August 4. The main parties were now at war. The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, and later, Italy joined the Allies.
Historians on the causes of World War I have emphasised the role of Germany and the Austria-Hungary. The consensus of scholars includes scant mention of Russia and only brief mentions Russia's defence of Orthodox Serbia, its pan-Slavic roles, its treaty obligations with France and its concern of protecting its status as a great power.[1]
Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir of the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated by Bosnian Serbs on 28 June 1914 because Austria-Hungary had taken over a largely-Slavic province. Vienna was unable to find evidence that Serbia had sponsored the assassination but a month later, it issued an ultimatum to Serbia, which it knew would be rejected and thus lead to war. Austria-Hungary felt that Serbia had to punished for the assassination. Although Russia had no treaty obligation to Serbia, it wanted to control the Balkans and had a long-term perspective of gaining a military advantage on Germany and Austria-Hungary. Russia had an incentive to wait, and most of its leaders wanted to avoid a war. However, Russia had the support of France and feared that failure to support Serbia would lead to a loss of Russian credibility and a major political defeat to its goals to control the Balkans.[2] Tsar Nicholas II mobilised Russian forces on 30 July 1914 to threaten Austria-Hungary if it invaded Serbia. Christopher Clark stated: "The Russian general mobilisation [of 30 July] was one of the most momentous decisions of the July crisis". The first general mobilisation came while the German government had not yet even declared the State of Impending War.[3]
Germany now felt threatened by Russia and responded with its own mobilisation and a declaration of war on 1 August 1914. At the opening of hostilities, the Russians took the offensive against both Germany and Austria-Hungary.[4]
4. October Revolution[a] (also known as the Bolshevik Coup, the Bolshevik Revolution,[2] the October Uprising, the October Coup or Red October) was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–23. It took place through an armed insurrection in Petrograd on 25 October (Old Style, O.S.; 7 November, New Style or N.S.) 1917.
Explanation:
The Second Congress of Soviets consisted of 670 elected delegates: 300 were Bolshevik and nearly 100 were Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who also supported the overthrow of the Alexander Kerensky government.[36] When the fall of the Winter Palace was announced, the Congress adopted a decree transferring power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, thus ratifying the Revolution.
The transfer of power was not without disagreement. The center and right wings of the Socialist Revolutionaries, as well as the Mensheviks, believed that Lenin and the Bolsheviks had illegally seized power and they walked out before the resolution was passed. As they exited, they were taunted by Trotsky who told them "You are pitiful isolated individuals; you are bankrupts; your role is played out. Go where you belong from now on — into the dustbin of history.
Answer:
Thanks for you
Explanation:
2.Researchers highlight the following features of industrialisation: As the main link were selected investment sectors: metallurgy, engineering, industrial construction; ... Industrialisation planning; Lack of private capital (cooperative entrepreneurship in that period was legal)