Q.1. Which kind of economic changes occurred in Russian society during 20th Century?
Q. 2. Write about the main features of the Russian industrialization?
Q. 3. How the first world war prepared a base for the Russian Revolution?
Q. 4. Which changes were declared by Bolsheviks in October 1917?
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1.ᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴇɢɪɴɴɪɴɢ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ 20ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴀsᴛ ᴍᴀᴊᴏʀɪᴛʏ ᴏғ ʀᴜssɪᴀɴ's ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴀɢʀɪᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀɪsᴛs ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ 85 ᴘᴇʀᴄᴇɴᴛ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴜssɪᴀɴ ᴇᴍᴘɪʀᴇ's ᴘᴏᴘᴜʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇᴀʀɴᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ʟɪᴠɪɴɢ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴀɢʀɪᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴇ. (ɪ) ᴄᴜʟᴛɪᴠᴀᴛᴏʀs ᴘʀᴏᴅᴜᴄᴇᴅ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀʀᴋᴇᴛ ᴀs ᴡᴇʟʟ ᴀs ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ᴏᴡɴ ɴᴇᴇᴅs ᴀɴᴅ ʀᴜssɪᴀɴ ᴡᴀs ᴀ ᴍᴀᴊᴏʀ ᴇxᴘᴏʀᴛᴇʀ ᴏғ ɢʀᴀɪɴ.
2.Industrialization in the Russian Empire enabled the development of the industrial sector of the economy, which allowed to increase labor productivity and partially provided the economy with industrial products. ... The first steps related to accelerating the development of industry were taken during the reign of Peter I.
3.Russia entered World War I on July 28, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia's ally, Serbia. The Russian Empire sent an ultimatum to Austria-Hungary stating that if Austria-Hungary showed aggression toward its allies, Russia would meet with military action. Once Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia, the German Empire followed suit. In accordance with its war plan, Germany ignored Russia and moved first against France by declaring war on August 3 and sending its main armies through Belgium to attack Paris from the north.
The invasion of Belgium and threat to France caused Britain to declare war on Germany on August 4. The main parties were now at war. The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, and later, Italy joined the Allies.
Historians on the causes of World War I have emphasised the role of Germany and the Austria-Hungary. The consensus of scholars includes scant mention of Russia and only brief mentions Russia's defence of Orthodox Serbia, its pan-Slavic roles, its treaty obligations with France and its concern of protecting its status as a great power.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir of the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated by Bosnian Serbs on 28 June 1914 because Austria-Hungary had taken over a largely-Slavic province. Vienna was unable to find evidence that Serbia had sponsored the assassination but a month later, it issued an ultimatum to Serbia, which it knew would be rejected and thus lead to war. Austria-Hungary felt that Serbia had to punished for the assassination. Although Russia had no treaty obligation to Serbia, it wanted to control the Balkans and had a long-term perspective of gaining a military advantage on Germany and Austria-Hungary. Russia had an incentive to wait, and most of its leaders wanted to avoid a war. However, Russia had the support of France and feared that failure to support Serbia would lead to a loss of Russian credibility and a major political defeat to its goals to control the Balkans. Tsar Nicholas II mobilised Russian forces on 30 July 1914 to threaten Austria-Hungary if it invaded Serbia. Christopher Clark stated: "The Russian general mobilisation [of 30 July] was one of the most momentous decisions of the July crisis". The first general mobilisation came while the German government had not yet even declared the State of Impending War.
Germany now felt threatened by Russia and responded with its own mobilisation and a declaration of war on 1 August 1914. At the opening of hostilities, the Russians took the offensive against both Germany and Austria-Hungary.
4.The main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution were (i)The Bolsheviks were totally opposed to private property Therefore most industries and banks were nationalised. (ii) Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.
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