Q.1
Write a note on structure and function of Endoplasmic reticu
Q.2
Write a brief note on Lysosomes.
Q.3
What is mode? Give its merits and demerits.
Q.4
Write a short note on Transmission Electron Microscope.
Q.5
Write a short note on Colorimeter.
Q.6
Write a brief note on Electrophoresis.
Q.7
Calculate, Mean and Median from the given ungrouped da
SECTION-C
01
Deonriha the structure and functione anlama
Answers
ANSWER NO 01
Endoplasmic Reticulum Function
The major functions of Endoplasmic reticulum are:
It is mainly responsible for the transportation of proteins and other carbohydrates to another organelle, which includes lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, etc.
They play a vital role in the formation of the skeletal framework.
They provide the increased surface area for cellular reactions.
They help in the formation of nuclear membrane during cell division.
They play a vital role in the synthesis of proteins, lipids, glycogen and other steroids like cholesterol, progesterone, testosterone, etc.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure
Endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive membrane network of cisternae (sac-like structures), which are held together by the cytoskeleton. The phospholipid membrane encloses a space, the lumen from the cytosol, which is continuous with the perinuclear space.
The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with the protein manufacturing ribosome, which gives it a rough appearance. Hence it is referred as a rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum consists of tubules, which are located near the cell periphery. This network increases the surface area for the storage of key enzymes and the products of these enzymes.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids and steroids. It also metabolizes carbohydrates and regulates calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum varies extensive extending from the cell membrane through the cytoplasm and forming a continuous connection with the nuclear envelope.
ANSWER NO 02
LYSOSOMES
LYSOSOMES
➡️ The name lysosome is derived from the geek word Lysis , which means dissolution or destruction . they are also known as suicide -bags or suicide sacs.
➡️ Lysosomes were discovered by the Belgian cytologist Christian de duve in 1955 .
➡️ A lysosome is a cell organelle. they are like sphere in shape. They have hydrolytic enzymes which can break down almost all kinds of biomolecules , including proteins , nucleic acids, carbohydrates , lipids and cellular debris . They contain more than 50 different enzymes .
➡️ By convention , lysosome is the term used for animal cells . In plant cells, vacuoles do similar functions
ANSWER NO 03
MODE
. Manner of doing or being; method; form; fashion; custom; way; style; as, the mode of speaking; the mode of dressing. The duty of itself being resolved on, the mode of doing it may easily be found. ( Jer. Taylor) A table richly spread in regal mode.
Merits of mode:-
The mode or modal value of a distribution is that value of the variable for which the frequency is maximum.The number which is repeated maximum number of times is the mode.
1)Mode can be determined in distributions with open classes.
2)Mode can be located on the graph also.
3)If all the data are not given then also mode can be calculated.
4)It is easy to understand.
5)It is the most observed data point.
Demerits of mode:-
1)It is ill defined. It is not always possible to find clearly defined mode.
2)It is not based upon all the observation.
3)Mode can be calculated by various formulae as such the value may differ from one to other. Therefore, it is not rigidly defined.
4)It is affected to a greater extent fluctuations of sampling.
ANSWER NO 04
The transmission electron microscope is used to view thin specimens (tissue sections, molecules, etc) through which electrons can pass generating a projection image. The TEM is analogous in many ways to the conventional (compound) light microscope
ANSWER NO 05
CLORIMETER
A colorimeter is a device used for measuring colours, or colorimetry. It measures the absorbance of different wavelengths of light in a solution. It can be used to measure the concentration of a known solute.
Different chemical substances absorb different wavelengths of light. When the concentration of the solute is higher, it absorbs more light in a specific wavelength. This is known as the Beer-Lambert law.
ANSWER NO 06
ELECTROPORESIS;
The movement of suspended particles through a medium (such as paper or gel) under the action of anelectromotive force applied toelectrodes in contact with the suspension.
Electrophoresis is used in laboratories to separate macromolecules based on size. The technique applies a negative charge so proteins move towards a positive charge. Electrophoresis is used for both DNA and RNA analysis.
/...................................