Q.13 The first nuclear explosion was undertaken by India in May 1974. India
wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Nehru was against
nuclear weapons. So, he pleaded with the superpowers for comprehensive nuclear
disarmament. However, the nuclear arsenal kept rising. When Communist China
conducted nuclear tests in October 1964, the five nuclear weapon powers, also the
five permanent Members of UN Council-tried to impose the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the World. India always refused
to sign it. When India conducted its first nuclear test, it was termed as a peaceful
explosion. India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power
only for peaceful purposes.
Study the passage given above carefully and answer the following questions: (5)
i. Why India go for a nuclear explosion in May 1974?
ii. How far was this nuclear explosion in conformity with Nehru's policies?
ii. Name the 5 permanent members of the UNSC.
iv. When did India become nuclear? Who was the Prime Minister back then?
What is disarmament?
V.
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Answers
Answer:
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Answer:
1950s, the preliminary studies were carried out at the BARC and plans were developed to produce plutonium and other bomb components. In 1962, India and China engaged in the disputed northern front, and was further intimidated with Chinese nuclear test in 1964. Direction towards militarisation of the nuclear program slowed down when Vikram Sarabhai became its head and little interest of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965.
After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966, the nuclear program was consolidated when physicist Raja Ramanna joined the efforts. Another nuclear test by China eventually led to India's decision toward building nuclear weapons in 1967 and conducted its first nuclear test, Smiling Buddha, in 1974.
Post-Smiling Buddha
Responding to Smiling Buddha, the Nuclear Suppliers Group severely affected India's nuclear program. The world's major nuclear powers imposed technological embargo on India and Pakistan, which was technologically racing to meet with India's achievement. The nuclear program struggled for years to gain credibility and its progress was crippled by the lack of indigenous resources and dependence on imported technology and technical assistance. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared to the IAEA that India's nuclear program was not militarising despite authorising preliminary work on the hydrogen bomb design.
In the aftermath of the state emergency in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's government, the nuclear program was left with a vacuum of political leadership and even basic management. Work on the hydrogen bomb design continued under M. Srinivasan, a mechanical engineer, but progress was slow.
The nuclear program received little attention from Prime Minister Morarji Desai who was renowned for his peace advocacy. In 1978, Prime Minister Desai transferred physicist Ramanna to Indian MoD, and his government once again accelerated India's nuclear program.
Shortly thereafter, the world discovered the Pakistan's clandestine atomic bomb program. Contrary to India's nuclear program, Pakistan's atomic bomb program was akin to United States Manhattan Project, in that it was under military oversight with civilian scientists in charge of the scientific aspects of the program. The Pakistani atomic bomb program was well funded and organised by then; India realised that Pakistan was likely to succeed in its project in matter of two years.
In 1980, the general elections marked the return of Indira Gandhi and the nuclear program began to gain momentum under Ramanna in 1981. Requests for additional nuclear tests continued to be denied by the government after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi saw Pakistan begin engaging in brinkmanship, though the nuclear program continued to advance. Work towards the hydrogen bomb, as well as the launch of the missile programme, began under Dr. Abdul Kalam, who was then an aerospace engineer.
Political momentum: 1988–1998
Explanation:
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