Question

Q. 2. Explain the following-
(i) Machine Language;
(ii) Assembly Language; and
(iii) High-level Language.​

Answer 1

Answer:

1. machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets. ... A computer cannot directly understand the programming languages used to create computer programs, so the program code must be compiled.Machine language is basically the only language that a computer can understand and it is usually written in hex.  In fact, a manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one language, its machine code, which is represented inside the computer by a string of binary digits (bits) 0 and 1.For example, the ASCII value for the letter "A" is 01000001 in machine code, but this data is displayed as "A" on the screen.
2. An assembly language is a low-level programming language designed for a specific type of processor. ... However, in some cases, assembly code can be used to fine-tune a program. For example, a programmer may write a specific process in assembly language to make sure it functions as efficiently as possible.Today, assembly language is used primarily for direct hardware manipulation, access to specialized processor instructions, or to address critical performance issues. Typical uses are device drivers, low-level embedded systems, and real-time systemsTypes of Assembly Languages

Assembly language closely tied to processor architecture. At least four main types:

CISC: Complex Instruction-Set Computer. RISC: Reduced Instruction-Set Computer.

.DSP: Digital Signal Processor. VLIW: Very Long Instruction Word.

     3In computer science, a high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In contrast to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. memory management), making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable than when using a lower-level language. The amount of abstraction provided defines how "high-level" a programming language is.[1]

In the 1960s, high-level programming languages using a compiler were commonly called autocodes.[2] Examples of autocodes are COBOL and Fortran.[3]

The first high-level programming language designed for computers was Plankalkül, created by Konrad Zuse.[4] However, it was not implemented in his time, and his original contributions were largely isolated from other developments due to World War II, aside from the language's influence on the "Superplan" language by Heinz Rutishauser and also to some degree Algol. The first significantly widespread high-level language was Fortran, a machine-independent development of IBM's earlier Autocode systems. Algol, defined in 1958 and 1960 by committees of European and American computer scientists, introduced recursion as well as nested functions under lexical scope. It was also the first language with a clear distinction between value and name-parameters and their corresponding semantics.[5] Algol also introduced several structured programming concepts, such as the while-do and if-then-else constructs and its syntax was the first to be described in formal notation – "Backus–Naur form" (BNF). During roughly the same period, Cobol introduced records (also called structs) and Lisp introduced a fully general lambda abstraction in a programming language for the first time..A high-level language (HLL) is a programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer.

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Explanation: