Q.5] Map work 4M [ The World map] Q5A] Locate and label the following
countries on an outline Map of World major showing regions plantations found in
the tropical of the world.(i) Rubber in Malaysia (ii) Coffee in Brazil (iii) Tea in India
Answers
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Answer:
The tropical plantation is one of the world’s oldest systems of commercial agriculture. Since 1500 AD, the products from over a dozen tropical crops have been in constant demand by people in the temperate regions.
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The specialised commercial cultivation of cash crops on estates or plantations is a very distinctive type of tropical agriculture and is found in many parts of Asia, Africa and tropical and sub-tropical America.
Its initiation by the Europeans during the colonial period has made possible the manufacture of a wide range of modern materials. Some of the main plantation crops are rubber, oil palm, cotton and copra, beverages like coffee, tea and cocoa, fruits like pineapples and bananas, as well as sugarcane, hemp and jute.
Plantation agriculture is the product of colonialism. Plantations have been developed in response to a demand in Europe for foods, spices, fibers, and beverages, which because of climatic constraints, could be produced only in the tropics or sub-tropics. Over the centuries the demand for most of these items has increased with the growth of world population and with the insatiable needs of modern western society.
Plantation agriculture is an export-oriented specialised farming method where emphasis is given to raise a single crop – specially meant for export to the overseas countries. It is a large enterprise with sound infrastructure, where profit is the sole objective. It involves not only cultivation of crop but also processing, packaging, transporting and exporting of the product.
Location:
Plantation agriculture is confined within tropical areas, i.e., both sides of the equator. Plantations exist on every continent possessing a tropical climate. The plantation system however is considerably older in tropical America than in Asia and Africa. The tropical areas of Latin America, Asia and Africa are the areas where plantation agriculture has been developed.
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Some of the important plantation farming are coffee plantation in Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia, Tanzania, Kenya; sugarcane plantation in Cuba, Brazil, Peru, Puerto Rico and Philippines; tea plantation in India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia; cocoa farming in West Indies, Ecuador, Brazil, Nigeria, Ghana; rubber plantation in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indi?; banana plantation in Mexico, Jamaica, Columbia, Brazil, Panama and Costa Rico (Figure 4.4).
Major Plantation Areas of The World
Characteristics:
Plantation agriculture is different than other forms of agriculture. The characteristic features of plantation agriculture are as follows:
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(i) Plantation agriculture is highly sophisticated and scientific methods are used for large-scale production.
(ii) There is specialization of single crop in plantation agriculture, e.g., coffee in Brazil, tea in India, rubber in Malaysia, etc.
(iii) Estate farming: Plantation crops are usually raised on large estates, of more than 40 hectares (100 acres) each, though the success of such crops has often encouraged other farmers to grow them so that small holdings exist side by side with the large estates.
In some parts of West Africa small holdings are, however, more important than estates and small holding rubber production in Malaysia now exceeds that from estates. Seedlings are first grown in nursery seed-beds and then transplanted in neat rows, well-spaced and regularly weeded, on the estates