Q. Extraction and Distillations both processes are separation techniques, what are the main theories behind separations? (
Answers
Answer:
Our Objective
To separate the components of a mixture using the following techniques:
Separating funnel
Chromatography
Centrifugation
Simple distillation
Fractional distillation
The Theory
How is a homogeneous mixture different from a heterogeneous mixture?
Most materials in our surroundings are mixtures of two or more components. Mixtures are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures are uniform in composition, but heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform in composition.
Air is a homogeneous mixture and oil in water is a heterogeneous mixture. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures can be separated into their components by several physical methods. The choice of separation techniques is based on the type of mixture and difference in the chemical properties of the constituents of a mixture.
What are types of separation techniques?
Various types of separation processes are:
Crystallization
Filtration
Decantation
Sublimation
Evaporation
Simple distillation
Fractional distillation
Chromatography
Centrifugation
Separating funnel
Magnetic separation
Precipitation
Let’s discuss some of the separation techniques
Using a separating funnel:
A separating funnel is used for the separation of components of a mixture between two immiscible liquid phases. One phase is the aqueous phase and the other phase is an organic solvent. This separation is based on the differences in the densities of the liquids. The liquid having more density forms the lower layer and the liquid having less density forms the upper layer.
Applications:
To separate a mixture of oil and water.
To separate a mixture of kerosene oil and water.
Chromatography:
Chromatography is a separation technique used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture. It was introduced by a Russian Scientist Michael Tswett. Chromatography involves the sample being dissolved in a particular solvent called mobile phase. The mobile phase may be a gas or liquid. The mobile phase is then passed through another phase called stationary phase. The stationary phase may be a solid packed in a glass plate or a piece of chromatography paper.
The various components of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. There are different types of chromatographic techniques such as column chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography, and gas chromatography.