Q:- ii) What did two jagirdar do every morning?
Answers
Answer:
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Answer:
The Jagirdar I System
A Mansaar was a rank holder. This system developed
during the heydays of the Mughal rule. Akbar refined and
perfected the system by giving two numbers to the
– i) Zat which defined his positioning court
and ii) Sawar which indicated the cavalry at his
command. The salaries of these officials were mostly paid
from the revenue they could gather from the landnassigned to them. This revenue came to be known as
‘Jagir’.
Jagirdari System and the Mansabdari System compliment
each other. One cannot function without the other. Both
are instruments of mobilizing the resources of the
country and distributing among the nobles. A very small
percentage of the high nobles and prices were consuming
most of the resources of the country. How this was done
could be seen from the Jagirdari System.
Jagirdari System is the assignment of the revenue of the
produce of the land. The land was never given; it was the
produce of the land that was allotted for the noble to
take from this revenue, the salary that is due to him.
Therefore the Jagirdari System is the salary of the
Mansabdar.
Actually it starts after Babur and practically from the time
of Akbar. After his conquest Babur instituted a different
system called ‘Wajh’ and the person who gets this wajh
was called ‘wajhdar’. He had distributed one-third of the
conquered areas to the new master or to the old
masters. Among them the Afghans got a major share and
it is stated that under Babur Afghans consumed one-fifth
of the total revenue of the Mughal Empire at that time. It
was after Babur that Jagirdari System was introduced.
Wajhdar System
There was a fundamental difference between the Wajhdar
system and the Jagirdari System. In the Wajhdar System
there was no difference between the executive and the
financial office. Under this system an officer was given a
territory with a fixed salary. He administered the area
both financially and from the executive point of view. In
the Jagirdari System there was no fixed salary and the
executive and the financial powers were in the hands of
different persons.
In case of Babur this separation was coming very slowly
because in the Khalsa land i.e. the land managed by the
state officials for the state, we find that there were
executive sikdars and financial officers like the diwan.
There were only 4 examples during the reign of Babur of
the existence of Sikdar and the Diwan in the Khalsa
lands.
But it was from the time of Akbar that the situation
changed drastically and fundamentally. The Jagirdar had
some very serious problems and some of theses
problems had never been resolved during the time of the
Mughal Empire.
Problems of the Jagirdari System
The first problem was that the Jagirdar has to conform to
the central rules and regulations i.e. he must collect the
revenue as per the sanctioned rate. That is a very serious
problem. The second problem is that there is a difference
between estimate of revenue and the collection of
revenue. The ministry makes the estimate of revenue
which is called Jamadami. It is called ‘dami’ because the
‘dam’ is a copper coin and the revenue is estimated in
dam at least till the early days of the 17th century. Yet
the term continues after that and the estimate is made in
rupees. The jamadami is therefore the estimate of the
revenue to be collected from a particular jagir. The
jagirdar when he collects it is called Harly Hasil or simply
Hasil.
The problem is that the jamadami is less than Hasil or in
other words the estimate is different from the actual
collection and the actual collection is often much less. So
in case of the Jagirdar the principal problem laid that he
cannot get the salary that is due to him.
There was a third problem the yield from the Rabi crop
and from the Kharif crop were considered to be equal
everywhere except in Bengal. But that was a wrong
supposition. Since there were fast difference between the
two crops and their yield not only in Bengal
Explanation:
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