qा m
लिगायत और नयनारों के बीच एक समान्त्ता
और एक असमानता
का उल्लेख kijia
Answers
A similarity between Ligaites and Nayanars
And an inequality
Mentions kijia
In the same way, there are many more.
Cholas, Pallavas and Pandyas ruled south India. Buddhism and Jainism had been prevalent in this
region for several centuries. Alvars and Nayanars opposed Buddhism and Jainism through their
hymns. This hostility was due to competition between religious traditions for royal patronage.
Chola rulers supported Brahmanical and bhakti traditions, making land grants and constructing of
temples for Vishnu and Shiva. In fact, some of the most magnificent Shiva temples, including those at
Chidambaram, Thanjavur were constructed under the patronage of Chola rulers and representations
Shiva in bronze sculpture were produced.
Rulers tried to win the support of Alvars and Nayanars. The Chola kings often attempted to claim the
divine support and proclaim their own power and status by building splendid temples that were
adorned with stone and metal sculpture to recreate the visions of these popular saints who sang in
language of the people.
These kings also introduced the singing of Tamil Shaiva hymns in the temples under royal patronage,
taking the initiative to collect and organise them into a text (Tevaram).
Chola ruler Parantaka I had consecrated metal images of Bhakti Saints -Appar, Sambandar and
Sundarar in a Shiva temple. These were carried in processions during the festivals of these saints.
Religious (Tradition) Ferment in North India:
Follower
s
Practices Attitude towards caste
Did not practice
funerary rites
Started by Basavanna
Virashaivas or Lingayats
Buried the dead
Jangama or Wondering monks Encouraged post
puberty marriage
Worshipped Shiva as linga
Encouraged
remarriage of widows
Challenged idea of
castes and pollution
Pollution and
theory of rebirth
Virashaiva Tradition
‘Content Developed/Prepared Absolutely From Home’
During this period, in north India deities such as Vishnu and Shiva were worshipped in temples, often
built with the support of rulers. However, historians have not found evidence of anything resembling
the compositions of the Alvars, Nayanars and Lingayats.
This was the period when several Rajput states emerged in North India. In most of these
states Brahmanas occupied positions of importance, performing a range of secular and ritual
functions
There seems little attempt to challenge Brahmanical position directly. These included the Naths, Jogis
and Siddhas. Many of them came from artisanal groups, including weavers, who had long-distance
trade with Central Asia and West Asia.
Many of these new religious leaders questioned the authority of the Vedas, and expressed
themselves in languages spoken by ordinary people, which developed over centuries into the ones
used today. However, these religious leaders were not in a position to win the support of the rulers.
A new element in this situation was the coming of the Turks and establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.
This undermined the power of many of the Rajput states and the Brahmanas who were associated
with these kingdoms.
Q.1. Mention any two sources to know about Bhakti and Sufi traditions from eight century to eighteenth