Q:) short question answer Q:1) all ancient civlisations flourished along river valleys.why? Q:2) what was a citadel? why were important building built on the citadel? Q:3) why do you think harappans worshipped mother goddess? Q:4) how do we know harappans believed in life after deth? Q:5) describe in brief about the town planning of the harappan civilisation.
Answers
Answer:
The four river valley civilizations were the Tigris & Euphrates Valleys, the NileRiver Valley, the Indus River Valley, and the Yellow River Valley. Civilizationsdeveloped around rivers because their waters provided places to hunt and fish. Also, as the rivers flooded, the lands around them became fertile
Answer:
(A:1) Civilizations developed around rivers because their waters provided places to hunt and fish. Also, as the rivers flooded, the lands around them became fertile. This allowed them to support farming. This is especially true of the Nile River, which flooded the same time each year.
(A:2) In time of war the citadel in many cases afforded retreat to the people living in the areas around the town. However, citadels were often used also to protect a garrison or political power from the inhabitants of the town where it was located, being designed to ensure loyalty from the town that they defended.
(A:3) She was also called Mata. A mother-diety or goddess represented the power of generation, regeneration and the cycle of life. She was worshipped because, peoples considered as mother Earth. She was the symbol of fertility and her goodwill ensured continuity of the clan, tribe or community.
(A:4) The people of Harappan Civilization probably believed in life after death, as they offered materials as grave offerings. The offerings buried with the dead usually included pottery and grain. Look at the skeleton of a woman that was found wearing ornaments like bangles, necklaces and others.
(A:5) The people of the Indus Valley civilisation provided explicit attention to elaborate town planning:
(1) The streets cut each other at right angles.
(2) The main streets were over 800 metres long and 10 metres wide. They were also curved at the corners in order to make it easy for bullock carts to pass. The streets were generally paved with baked bricks.
(3) Houses were built on both the sides of the street.
(4) The city was generally divided into two parts - lower and upper (citadel or acropolis).
(5) The upper part was built on a raised platform which protected people during floods. It consisted of buildings such as the Great Bath, Town Hall, the Great Granary and some temple-like structures.
(6) The lower part was at a lower height but bigger in area. It had small buildings and houses of the common people.