Q.what are the ( reaction) methods for preparation of alcohol?
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Answers
General Methods of Preparation of Alcohols
Hydrolysis of Halides. Alkyl halides when boiled with an aqueous solution of an alkali hydroxide give alcohol through nucleophilic substitution mechanism. ...Hydration of Alkanes. ...
Hydroformylation of Alkenes. ...
Hydroboration of Alkenes. ...
Grignard Synthesis.
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Answer :-
1. Hydrolysis of Halides
Alkyl halides when boiled with an aqueous solution of an alkali hydroxide give alcohol through nucleophilic substitution mechanism.
R-X + KOH → R-OH + KX
This general procedure produces primary and secondary alcohols. Glycerol can be synthesized from propylene by a series of reactions including the hydrolysis of a halide as one step in the process.
2. Hydration of Alkanes
Direct hydration takes place by adding water in the presence of a catalyst.
Hydration of Alkanes
Indirect hydration is achieved by the addition of sulphuric acid to alkane followed by hydrolysis of the alkyl hydrogen sulfate.
Hydration of Alkanes
3. Hydroformylation of Alkenes
Lower molecular weight olefins react with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in a reaction called hydroformylation or the oxo reaction.
The resulting aldehyde is subsequently hydrogenated to form an alcohol.
Hydroformylation of Alkenes
Hydroformylation of Alkenes
4. Hydroboration of Alkenes
Alkenes, when treated with diborane, give alkyl boranes, R3B. Alkylboranes on oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide give alcohol.
Hydroboration of Alkenes
Hydroboration of Alkenes
It is significant to note that this method always leads to anti-Markovnikov’s addition of water to alkenes.
5. Grignard Synthesis
All three types of alcohol (primary, secondary and tertiary) can be prepared from the Grignard reagents by interaction with suitable carbonyl compounds.
Grignard Synthesis
Grignard Synthesis
The reaction of the Grignard reagent with formaldehyde leads to primary alcohols, that with aldehydes other than formaldehyde yield secondary alcohols and that with ketones give tertiary alcohols.