Q. What are the symptoms of disease :-
(a)skin becomes loose or
(b) body becomes very thin or
(c)legs get weak or
(d) poor muscles development
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Answers
Marasmus is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition that results when a person does not consume enough protein and calories. Without these vital nutrients, energy levels become dangerously low and vital functions begin to stop.
Both adults and children can have marasmus, but it most often affects young children in developing countries.
UNICEF estimate that nearly half of all deaths in children under the age of 5 years, or around 3 million each year, resulting from a lack of nutrition.
Causes and risk factors
Causes of marasmus include:
not having enough nutrition or having too little food
consuming the wrong nutrients or too much of one and not enough of another
having a health condition that makes it difficult to absorb or process nutrients correctly
Older adults who live alone and find it difficult to prepare food and care for themselves may be at risk. Sometimes marasmus can affect an older adult who has not eaten healthfully over a period of some months or years, say the University of Kansas Landon Center on Aging.
While consuming the wrong nutrients and having a health condition can contribute to marasmus, each of these alone would probably not be enough to cause it, as long as calories are available.
In places where food can be scarce, breastfeeding infants for as long as possible may help reduce the risk of malnutrition.
However, if breastfeeding continues for longer than 6 months without an infant receiving solid food, the risk of marasmus can also increase, especially if the mother is malnourished herself.
Those born preterm or with low birth weight may also have a predisposition to malnutrition afterward.
Appropriate support and nutrition during pregnancy and in a child’s early years are essential for preventing malnutrition.
Symptoms
A loss of muscle and body weight are key symptoms of marasmus.
The primary symptom of marasmus is an acute loss of body fat and muscle tissues, leading to an unusually low body mass index (BMI). Marasmus is a type of wasting.
In a child, the main symptom of marasmus is a failure to grow, known as stunted growth.
In adults and older children, the main symptom may be wasting, or a loss of body tissue and fat. An older child with wasting may have standard height for their age.
A child with marasmus may also be very hungry and suck on their clothes or hands as if looking for something to eat.
But some people with marasmus will have anorexia, and they will not want or be able to eat.
Over time, a person with marasmus will lose body tissue and fat in their face. Similarly, their bones become visible under their skin, and folds of skin develop from the loss of body mass. Their eyes may appear sunken.
Other symptoms include:
persistent dizziness
lack of energy
dry skin
brittle hair
Apart from weight loss, long-term effects of marasmus in children include slow growth and repeated infections.
Diarrhea, measles, or a respiratory infection are serious complications that can be fatal in a child with marasmus. Diarrhea can also be a contributing cause of marasmus.
Other complicationsTrusted Source include bradycardia, hypotension, and hypothermia.
Other forms of severe malnutrition
Marasmus is not the only syndrome that results from severe malnutrition.
Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor is another severe form of protein-energy malnutrition where the main deficiency is protein.
Severe cases of malnutrition can lead to kwashiorkor. Unlike marasmus, kwashiorkor causes the body to retain fluid in the lower legs, feet, arms, hands, and face, leading to a swollen appearance.
Kwashiorkor may also result in a person having a distended or bulging abdomen. But, someone with kwashiorkor may not have a particularly low weight, because the fluid buildup makes up for the loss in body fat and muscle tissue.
According to the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a child with kwashiorkor will have a weight that is 60 to 80 percent of the standard weight for their age.
Other symptoms of kwashiorkor include:
loss of appetite
lack of energy
irritability
changes in hair color to yellow or orange
Skin problems are a complication of kwashiorkor. These can include:
patches of skin turning unusually light or dark
skin shedding
skin ulcers developing
lesions beginning to leak or bleed
Liver problems can occur with kwashiorkor, but they are rare with marasmus.
Kwashiorkor needs immediate diagnosis and treatment, as it can quickly become life-threatening.
Marasmic kwashiorkor
Marasmic kwashiorkor is the third form of protein-energy malnutrition that combines features and symptoms of both marasmus and kwashiorkor.
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