Q1. Collect information about any 10 scientists who have discovered vaccinations
Answers
Answer:
Dr. Robbins was best known for creating a vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b, or Hib. He and his longtime collaborator, Dr. Rachel Schneerson, pioneered a novel approach to vaccination against encapsulated bacteria. Typically, young infants do not make good immune responses to bacteria that have outer capsules made of complex sugars (called polysaccharides). As such, methods used previously to make vaccines against other bacteria and viruses had not worked for infections like Hib, pneumococcus or meningococcus. Drs. Robbins and Schneerson devised a method in which they attached a harmless protein to the polysaccharide coating. This alteration changed how the immune system responded, thereby allowing babies to develop immunity against these bacteria through vaccination.
Before the vaccine, Hib infected about 25,000 children every year in the United States. The conjugated Hib vaccine has been credited with saving as many as 7 million lives around the world, and virtually eliminating this disease from the U.S. For his work on the Hib vaccine, Dr. Robbins received the 1996 Albert Lasker Medical Research Award, along with his colleagues.
In addition to his work on the Hib vaccine, Dr. Robbins also had a significant role in developing a conjugated typhoid fever vaccine, currently being used in Pakistan. His efforts provided an approach that is now also used in protecting against meningococcus and pneumococcus, as well as ongoing efforts related to other infectious agents.
Dr. Robbins worked at the National Institutes of Health for four decades before retiring at the age of 80.
Answer:
Ozone layer plays an important role in Earth's atmosphere as it absorbs the harmful UV radiation of the sunlight and is important for survival on Earth.