Q1. What changes took place after the 1905 Revolution in russia
Answers
Answer:
Extent of change: Before and After the revolution (1905-1917)
- Political Change: The political system changed from a monarchy to a socialist/communist state. Prior to the revolution, the ruling position was hereditary, passed down the Tsar’s families for 300 years. It was impossible for people to reach higher social classes or become Russia's leader, and on January 22, 1905, 200,000 workers and their families followed Russian priest Georgy A. Gapon to protest this issue. After the revolution, Russia’s rulers were chosen from intellect and the working classes rather than aristocracy, making it possible for people to reach higher social classes during their life.
- Social/political change: The new socialist state offered many new rights, opportunities and services. Prior the revolution, peasants and workers had no access to medical care, which is why Russia’s mortality rate was at it’s peak. The socialist system offered universal medical care, helping to significantly increase the life span of peasants and workers.
- Before the revolution, peasants did not have access to education, as a result poverty was a vicious cycle. This new system offered free education, and the literacy rate increased significantly. This was revolutionary, helping many break free from poverty and reach a higher position.
- Military change: Prior to the revolution, Russia was suffering major military defeats, because the military rulers and government were not politically aware. For example their huge loss in the Russo-Japanese war (military was led by the Tsar) was so humiliating it inspired protesters to rebel against the Tsar. After the revolution, the leaders were chosen from intellect and were much more capable, for example Lenin’s government helped pull Russia out of WWI.
- Instead of having troops sent to Russia to keep chaos from spreading, the new communist soviet union was so successful and strong that it began sponsoring and assisting with communist movements and revolutions all over the world, and even helped defeat the Nazi’s during WWII.
- Land/Social changes: Before the revolution, wealth gaps between the landless peasants and aristocrats/nobles was huge. Russia was mainly a rural, peasant country, with the peasants recently emancipated (freed from legal, social and political restrictions) but still in debt because of this, and had to pay heavy taxes from the little money they earned. The average russian citizen was poor, with only the bare minimum to survive on. After the revolution Lenin made land reforms, by redistributing all the land to the peasants, to grow crops to earn more money, reducing the wealth gap and the crop shortage/famine in russia.
- Economic reform: Prior to the revolution, Russia was not industrialized. So industry owners exploited workers, making them work 14 hours a day, excluding overtime, for 6-7 days per week with minimum pay. They were given strenuous and laborious work, with only the bare minimum in food and living. After the revolution, Russia became industrialized. Factories were no longer private industries, they were either owned by the states or nationalized. This held the workers in the companies interest, and they were no longer taken advantage of, which made life a lot easier.
- Civil rights: Prior to the revolution, men had superiority over women, and more opportunities such as to work, education etc. The revolution introduced gender equality, making the right to divorce, maternity leave, voting, education, standing for office and abortion all legal practices for women.
Limitations
- Lack of freedom: Prior to the revolution the citizens felt oppressed by the Tsar, but after the revolution, Russia became a totalitarian country and the people were repressed by the communist government. After Lenin took over, freedom was eradicated, and the states took total control of the media, including newspapers, cinema, and literature.
- Religion: Religion was eradicated, and everything people believed in had to be in accordance to the communist ideologies. Dissenters were harshly punished, such as being tortured, sent to concentration camps, exiled or even executed. As a result, millions were killed, while others lived in terror. The people were reigned in even more tightly, and were manipulated by the government. Eventually, most people gave up having their own ideas and opinions.
Since 80% of the russian citizens were the working class who were extremely dissatisfied with their living conditions prior to the revolution, most people did experience a positive change after the revolution, and the extent of change was very significant.
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
The 1905 revolution was spurred by the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, which ended in the same year, but also by the growing realization by a variety of sectors of society of the need for reform. Politicians such as Sergei Witte had failed to accomplish this. While the Tsar managed to keep his rule, the events foreshadowed those of the Russian revolutions in 1917, which resulted in the overthrow of the monarchy, execution of the imperial family, and creation of the Soviet Union by the Bolsheviks.
Some historians contend that the 1905 revolution set the stage for the 1917 Russian Revolutions, and enabled Bolshevism to emerge as a distinct political movement in Russia, although it was still a minority. Lenin, as later head of the USSR, called it "The Great Dress Rehearsal," without which the "victory of the October Revolution in 1917 would have been impossible".[