Q13. Give the functions of vacuole and lysosomes.
Q14. Describe the three types of plastids.
Q15. Differentiate between osmosis and diffusion.
Q16. a. Explain the structure of nucleus.
b. Give its functions.
017. Differentiate between
a. Mitosis and meiosis
b. Active and passive transport
Q18. Describe endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
Q19. Describe Golgi bodies and lysosomes.
Answers
Answer:
ans 13) The vacuoles are osmoregulatory organ of the cells. It also determines the rigidity of the cells by absorbing water content. ... The digestive enzymes of the lysosomes digest the whole cell during the illness. It protects from the bad effects of the dyeing cells.
ans 14) answer in the attachment ☝️ ☝️
ans 15) Osmosis and Diffusion Differences. ... One big difference between osmosis and diffusion is that both solvent and solute particles are free to move in diffusion, but when we talk about osmosis, only the solvent molecules (water molecules) cross the membrane.
ans 16)( a) The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes.
(b) The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material.
ans 17) (a) Mitosis versus meiosis. Cells divide and reproduce in two ways, mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, whereas meiosis results in four sex cells. Below we highlight the keys differences and similarities between the two types of cell division.
(b) Both use ion channels to move ions across the cell membrane, in or out of the cell. Differences: Passive Transport (or Diffusion) moves ions from high concentration to low, using no metabolic energy. Active Transport moves ions from low concentration to high, using metabolic energy in the form of ATP.
ans 18) Endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in biology, a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins .
ans 19) The Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex is found in the Cytoplasm it is a flattened, layered sac-like organelle that takes proteins and carbohydrates and modifies and packages them. The Golgi apparatus is a system of membranes working close with the endoplasmic reticulum it modifies the proteins and carbohydrates.
Answer:
1..1.Function of the Vacuole. A vacuole is usually found in all plant and fungal cells, as well as some cells of protists, animals, and bacteria. These membrane-bound structures are basically just enclosed compartments thatare filled with both inorganic and organic molecules, along with water to support the organelle.
function of lysosomes:Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Lysosomes are like the stomach of the cell.
2.THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF PLASTIDS:
Chloroplasts.
Chromoplasts.
and Leucoplasts
1.CHLOROPLASTS:a plastid in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
2.CHROMOPLASTS:THEY ARE COLOURED PLASTIDS WHICH OCCUR IN THE CELLS THAT ARE EXPOSED TO SUNGLIGHT.
3.LEUCOPLASTS:THEY ARE COLOURLESS PLASTIDS WHICH OCCUR IN THE CELLS THAT ARE NOT EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT.
3.DIFFUSION:
1.IT CAN OCCUR BOTH IN AIR AND LIQUID (WATER) MEDIUM.
2.IT CAN OCCUR WITHOUT OR THROUGH A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE.
3.IT EQUALIZES THE CONCENTRATION OF DIFFUSABLE MOLECULES THROUGHOUT THE MEDIUM.
4. IT IS DEPENDENT UPON THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE MOLECULES OF DIFFUSING SUBSTANCE ONLY.
5.IT INVOLVES THE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM TGE REGION OF TGEIR HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO TGE REGION OF THEIR LOWER CONCENTRATION.
OSMOSIS
1.IT OCCURS ONLY IN LIQUID MEDIUM.
2.IT ALWAYS TAKES PLACE THROUGH A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE.
3.IT DOES NOT EQUALISE THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLVENT MOLECULES IN THE MEDIUM INVOLVED.
4.THOUGH IT'S THE DIFFUSION OF SOLVENT MOLECULES ONLY, YET IT'S INFLUENCED BY THE PRESENCE OF SOLUTES IN THE SYSTEM.
5. IT INVOLVES MOVEMENT OF SOLVENT MOLECULES ONLY FROM THE REGION OF THEIR HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO THE REIGON OF THEIR LOWER CONCENTRATION.
4.The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes.
functions:
1.IT CONTROLS ALL THE METABOLIC ACTIVITIES OF THE CELL.
2.IT BRINGS ABOUT GROWTH OF THE CELL BY DIRECTING THE SYNTHESIS OF STRUCTURAL PROTEINS.
3.IT TAKES PART IN THE FORMATION OF RIBOSOMES.
4.IT REGULATES CELL CYCLE.
5.IT CONTAINS GENETIC INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF GENES. LOCATED IN THE CHROMOSOMES.
5.Mitosis
1.Mitosis helps in cellular reproduction.
2.No crossing over occurs
3.Single division gives rise to 2 cells.
4.Cells formed are diploid cells.
5.Chromosome number is maintained constant.
6.Mitosis occurs only in vegetative cells.
Meiosis
1.Meiosis helps in sexual reproduction.
2.Crossing over, genetic recombination are general phenomena.
3.Meiosis involves 2 divisions resulting in 4 cells.
4.Cells formed are haploid cells.
5.Chromosome number is halved
6.Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells
2 .ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
1.ACTIVE:
1. IT'S A RAPID PROCESS.
2.IT TAKES PLACE IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY.
3.IT NEEDS CARRIER PROTEINS TO OCCUR.
4.IT USES ENERGY OF ATP
5.IT LEADS TO ACCUMULATION OF MATERIALS IN THE CELLS.
2.PASSIVE:
1.IT'S A SLOW PROCESS.
2.IT TAKES PLACE IN BOTH DIRECTIONS
3.IT OCCURS WITHOUT CARRIER PROTEINS.
4. IT DOES NOT USE ENERGY.
5.IT DOES NOT ACCUMULATE MATERIALS IN THE CELLS.
6.ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
: IT'S AN EXTENSIVE NETWORK OF INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANE-BOUND TUBES AND VESICLES THAT OCCUPIES MOST OF THE CYTOPLASM IN ALMOST ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF IT:
1.ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
2.SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
FUNCTIONS:
1. THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ACTS AS A SUPPORTING SKELETAL FRAMEWORK OF THE CELL AND ALSO MAINTAINS ITS FORM.
2.THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS FROM ONE PART OF THE CELL TO ANOTHER.
2. RIBOSOMES
THEY ARE FOUND IN ALL PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS.THEY ARE ORGANELLES WITHOUT A MEMBRANE AROUND THEM.
FUNCTIONS:
THE RIBOSOMES PROVIDE SPACE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS IN THE CELL. HENCE,THEY ARE KNOWN AS THE PROTEIN FACTORIES OF THE CELL.
7.The Function Of Golgi Apparatus. ... It is made up of membrane-bound sacs, and is also called a Golgi body, Golgi complex, or dictyosome. The job of the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.
Lysosomes are sphere-shaped sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes that have the capability to break down many types of biomolecules. In other words, lysosomes are membranous organelles whose specific function is to breakdown cellular wastes and debris by engulfing it with hydrolytic enzymes.
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