Q9 What are Fate of Pyruvate during aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Q10 Composition of blood remains same whether we take more water or less water.
Explain the mechanism of urine regulation in human being.
Q11 Breathing is a complex process constitutes inspiration and expiration. Explain the
mechanism of inspiration during respiration in human being.
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Q9 Answer
Pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, represents an important junction point in carbohydrate catabolism (Fig. 14-3). Under aerobic conditions pyruvate is oxidized to acetate, which enters the citric acid cycle (Chapter 15) and is oxidized to CO2 and H2O. The NADH formed by the dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is reoxidized to NAD+ by passage of its electrons to O2 in the process of mitochondrial respiration (Chapter 18). However, under anaerobic conditions (as in very active skeletal muscles, in submerged plants, or in lactic acid bacteria, for example), NADH generated by glycolysis cannot be reoxidized by O2. Failure to regenerate NAD+ would leave the cell with no electron acceptor for the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and the energy-yielding reactions of glycolysis would stop. NAD+ must therefore be regenerated by some other reaction.
The earliest cells to arise during evolution lived in an atmosphere almost devoid of oxygen and had to develop strategies for carrying out glycolysis under anaerobic conditions. Most modern organisms have retained the ability to continually regenerate NAD+ during anaerobic glycolysis by transferring electrons from NADH to form a reduced end product such as lactate or ethanol.
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Pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, represents an important junction point in carbohydrate catabolism (Fig. 14-3). Under aerobic conditions pyruvate is oxidized to acetate, which enters the citric acid cycle (Chapter 15) and is oxidized to CO2 and H2O. The NADH formed by the dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is reoxidized to NAD+ by passage of its electrons to O2 in the process of mitochondrial respiration (Chapter 18). However, under anaerobic conditions (as in very active skeletal muscles, in submerged plants, or in lactic acid bacteria, for example), NADH generated by glycolysis cannot be reoxidized by O2. Failure to regenerate NAD+ would leave the cell with no electron acceptor for the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and the energy-yielding reactions of glycolysis would stop. NAD+ must therefore be regenerated by some other reaction.
The earliest cells to arise during evolution lived in an atmosphere almost devoid of oxygen and had to develop strategies for carrying out glycolysis under anaerobic conditions. Most modern organisms have retained the ability to continually regenerate NAD+ during anaerobic glycolysis by transferring electrons from NADH to form a reduced end product such as lactate or ethanol.
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