Question

QN. 4) The noble ideas given to the world by French Revolution​

Answer 1

Answer:

The French Revolution had a major impact on Europe and the New World. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in history. In the short-term, France lost thousands of its countrymen in the form of émigrés, or emigrants who wished to escape political tensions and save their lives. A number of individuals settled in the neighboring countries (chiefly Great Britain, Germany, Austria, and Prussia), however quite a few also went to the United States. The displacement of these Frenchmen led to a spread of French culture, policies regulating immigration, and a safe haven for Royalists and other counterrevolutionaries to outlast the violence of the French Revolution. The long-term impact on France was profound, shaping politics, society, religion and ideas, and polarizing politics for more than a century. The closer other countries were, the greater and deeper was the French impact, bringing liberalism and the end of many feudal or traditional laws and practices. However, there was also a conservative counter-reaction that defeated Napoleon, reinstalled the Bourbon kings, and in some ways reversed the new reforms.

Most of the new nations created by the France were abolished and returned to prewar owners in 1814. However, Frederick Artz emphasizes the benefits the Italians gained from the French Revolution:

For nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law, a fair system of taxation, a better economic situation, and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries. Everywhere old physical, economic, and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality.

Likewise in Switzerland the long-term impact of the French Revolution has been assessed by Martin:

It proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law, equality of languages, freedom of thought and faith; it created a Swiss citizenship, basis of our modern nationality, and the separation of powers, of which the old regime had no conception; it suppressed internal tariffs and other economic restraints; it unified weights and measures, reformed civil and penal law, authorized mixed marriages (between Catholics and Protestants), suppressed torture and improved justice; it developed education and public works.

The greatest impact came in France itself. In addition to effects similar to those in Italy and Switzerland, France saw the introduction of the principle of legal equality, and the downgrading of the once powerful and rich Catholic Church to just a bureau controlled by the government. Power became centralized in Paris, with its strong bureaucracy and an army supplied by conscripting all young men. French politics were permanently polarized—'left' and 'right' were the new terms for the supporters and opponents of the principles of the Revolution.

Answer 2

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.The ideals of the French Revolution are Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. Let us take these up one by one.

Liberty

Liberty or freedom was with regard to 18 the century, liberty meant freedom from all sorts of torture and abuse. Another example of state oppression was the censorship of publications containing criticisms of the monarch, the aristocracy or the church.

Equality

The taxation system witnessed the difference in treatment of different people. There were the bourgeoisie and the Third Estate at that time as the two classes. The bourgeoisie was more reluctant about sharing political equality with the lower ranks of the Third Estate, thereby reflecting the lack of equality among people of those times.

Fraternity

This third ideal which meant brotherhood was the most difficult to achieve out of all three. So this ideal was all the more significant only in the initial stages of the revolution, and as the revolution progressed, this focus on unity and brotherhood quickly got lost somewhere.

Although the above three ideas are the most commonly related to the French Revolution, they do not completely define the French Revolution, which is a lot more diverse.

The other revolutionary idea was to reform the Catholic church Viz. Contest or revolt against the corruption by popes and the kind of over supremacy they wished to impose.

Anti-Clericalism

People wanted to reform the clergy and limit its powers viz. Political and social. Anti-clericalism, therefore shaped several revolutionary policies including the trapping of church lands, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the numerous attempts to create a state religion.

Thus, the French revolution, which began the English Romantic Movement was the time of great upheaval and turmoil.

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