qoetion on corruption
harshug:
does it mean quotation
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A common definition of public corruption is the misuse of public office for
private gain. Misuse, of course, typically involves applying a legal standard. Corrup-
tion defined this way would capture, for example, the sale of government property
by government officials, kickbacks in public procurement, bribery and embezzle-
ment of government funds.
Corruption is an outcome—a reflection of a country’s legal, economic, cul-
tural and political institutions. Corruption can be a response to either beneficial or
harmful rules. For example, corruption appears in response to benevolent rules
when individuals pay bribes to avoid penalties for harmful conduct or when
monitoring of rules is incomplete—as in the case of theft. Conversely, corruption
can also arise because bad policies or inefficient institutions are put in place to
collect bribes from individuals seeking to get around them (Djankov, LaPorta,
Lopez-de-Silanes and Shleifer, 2003).
A number of parallels have been proposed for thinking about corruption.
Although each of these parallels can be illuminating in certain ways, none of them
capture the phenomena perfectly.
private gain. Misuse, of course, typically involves applying a legal standard. Corrup-
tion defined this way would capture, for example, the sale of government property
by government officials, kickbacks in public procurement, bribery and embezzle-
ment of government funds.
Corruption is an outcome—a reflection of a country’s legal, economic, cul-
tural and political institutions. Corruption can be a response to either beneficial or
harmful rules. For example, corruption appears in response to benevolent rules
when individuals pay bribes to avoid penalties for harmful conduct or when
monitoring of rules is incomplete—as in the case of theft. Conversely, corruption
can also arise because bad policies or inefficient institutions are put in place to
collect bribes from individuals seeking to get around them (Djankov, LaPorta,
Lopez-de-Silanes and Shleifer, 2003).
A number of parallels have been proposed for thinking about corruption.
Although each of these parallels can be illuminating in certain ways, none of them
capture the phenomena perfectly.
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