quantitative aspects of water scarcity..
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This presentation highlights the grave water situation in Bihar in the context of the emerging water quality and quantity issues that the world and especially developing countries will be facing in the near future.
The presentation informs that the water situation in Bihar is in a serious crisis, inspite of the ample resources that it has been blessed with due to:
High dependence on groundwater (85%)
Over extraction of ground water for irrigation
Uncontrolled deforestation
Neglect of traditional practices and systems, including rain water harvesting
Inadequate integrated water management and watershed development
Emerging water quality problems
The author informs that in terms of:
Water availability
The gross per capita water availability in Bihar will decline from about 1,950 m3/yr in 2001 to as low as about 1,170 m3/yr in 2050
Bihar will reach a state of water stress before 2020 when the availability of clean water falls below 1000 m3 per capita
The current status of surplus river water shows that:
Surface water coverage in Ghagra-Gandak & Gandak-Kosi Zones has decreased by 43.4% and 37.8% respectively
There has been massive sedimentation leading to near obliteration of water bodies, including channel flows
There has been an increase in surface water area in Kosi Fan by 7.65%
There has been an eastward shift in mid-section of the Kosi
This has had an impact on:
Ground water recharge
Fish culture and “makhana” cultivation
Shrinkage and disappearance of wetland ecology
Seismotectonic changes in North Bihar
Seasonal availability of surface water has declined by 43% for the state of Bihar as a whole
Water quality issues:
Surface water contamination:
Surface water pollution indicates massive bacteriological and chemical contamination
The Ganga water has become highly polluted with very high bacterial contamination
Growing urbanization and industrialization have increased the pollution load discharged into the River Ganga resulting in loss of the river’s assimilative capacity
Very high rate of herniation has been detected in Ganga water
Groundwater contamination:
Ground water contamination has been found to be high due to iron, arsenic, fluoride and nitrate
A total of 16 Bihar districts ( 57 blocks) are affected by high level of arsenic in the groundwater
Trivalent arsenic 87 % in ground water of Bihar, Worst affected districts are Bhojpur, Bhagalpur, Samastipur, and Khagaria
Fluoride contaminated aquifers have been found in the dry areas of Gaya,Nawada,Rohtas, Katihar, Munger and Bhagalpur
Dental fluorosis is common among children, Skeletal Fluorosis and non Skeletal Fluorosis common
The author ends by making the following recommendations:
Need to control indiscriminate ground water usage.
Need to match specific water demand to quality
Maximize use of reclaimed water at site
Need for sustained resources for technology,training, infrastructure
An urgent need to enforce healthy land use policy
Attention on agriculture and industry
Emphasis on water education, water as ultimate human resource.
The presentation informs that the water situation in Bihar is in a serious crisis, inspite of the ample resources that it has been blessed with due to:
High dependence on groundwater (85%)
Over extraction of ground water for irrigation
Uncontrolled deforestation
Neglect of traditional practices and systems, including rain water harvesting
Inadequate integrated water management and watershed development
Emerging water quality problems
The author informs that in terms of:
Water availability
The gross per capita water availability in Bihar will decline from about 1,950 m3/yr in 2001 to as low as about 1,170 m3/yr in 2050
Bihar will reach a state of water stress before 2020 when the availability of clean water falls below 1000 m3 per capita
The current status of surplus river water shows that:
Surface water coverage in Ghagra-Gandak & Gandak-Kosi Zones has decreased by 43.4% and 37.8% respectively
There has been massive sedimentation leading to near obliteration of water bodies, including channel flows
There has been an increase in surface water area in Kosi Fan by 7.65%
There has been an eastward shift in mid-section of the Kosi
This has had an impact on:
Ground water recharge
Fish culture and “makhana” cultivation
Shrinkage and disappearance of wetland ecology
Seismotectonic changes in North Bihar
Seasonal availability of surface water has declined by 43% for the state of Bihar as a whole
Water quality issues:
Surface water contamination:
Surface water pollution indicates massive bacteriological and chemical contamination
The Ganga water has become highly polluted with very high bacterial contamination
Growing urbanization and industrialization have increased the pollution load discharged into the River Ganga resulting in loss of the river’s assimilative capacity
Very high rate of herniation has been detected in Ganga water
Groundwater contamination:
Ground water contamination has been found to be high due to iron, arsenic, fluoride and nitrate
A total of 16 Bihar districts ( 57 blocks) are affected by high level of arsenic in the groundwater
Trivalent arsenic 87 % in ground water of Bihar, Worst affected districts are Bhojpur, Bhagalpur, Samastipur, and Khagaria
Fluoride contaminated aquifers have been found in the dry areas of Gaya,Nawada,Rohtas, Katihar, Munger and Bhagalpur
Dental fluorosis is common among children, Skeletal Fluorosis and non Skeletal Fluorosis common
The author ends by making the following recommendations:
Need to control indiscriminate ground water usage.
Need to match specific water demand to quality
Maximize use of reclaimed water at site
Need for sustained resources for technology,training, infrastructure
An urgent need to enforce healthy land use policy
Attention on agriculture and industry
Emphasis on water education, water as ultimate human resource.
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