Question 1 Resistance to infection by a particular pathogen, obtained by having the disease or being injected with a weakened pathogen. OPTIONS: A) active immunity B) antibody C) antigen D) memory cell E) passive immunity F) lymphocyte G) phagocyte Question 2 Resistance to infection by a particular pathogen, obtained by acquiring antibodies from another organism OPTIONS: A) active immunity B) antibody C) antigen D) memory cell E) passive immunity F) lymphocyte G) phagocyte
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This article assumes familiarity with the terms antibody, antigen, immunity, and pathogen. See the Glossary for definitions.
A person may become immune to a specific disease in several ways. For some illnesses, such as measles and chickenpox, having the disease usually leads to lifelong immunity to it. Vaccination is another way to become immune to a disease. Both ways of gaining immunity, either from having an illness or from vaccination, are examples of active immunity. Active immunity results when a person’s immune system works to produce antibodies and activate other immune cells to certain pathogens. If the person encounters that pathogen again, long-lasting immune cells specific to it will already be primed to fight it.
A different type of immunity, called passive immunity, results when a person is given someone else’s antibodies. When these antibodies are introduced into the person’s body, the “loaned” antibodies help prevent or fight certain infectious diseases. The protection offered by passive immunization is short-lived, usually lasting only a few weeks or months. But it helps protect right away.
Passive Immunity: Natural vs. Artificial
Natural Infants benefit from passive immunity acquired when their mothers’ antibodies and pathogen-fighting white cells cross the placenta to reach the developing children, especially in the third trimester. A substance called colostrum, which an infant receives during nursing sessions in the first days after birth and before the mother begins producing “true” breast milk, is rich in antibodies and provides protection for the infant. Breast milk, though not as rich in protective components as colostrum, also contains antibodies that pass to the nursing infant. This protection provided by the mother, however, is short-lived. During the first few months of life, maternal antibody levels in the infant fall, and protection fades by about six months of age.
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