Question 1: What else do we need to know (list in bullet form) before we can know if that’s enough to feed our horse? Rations are balanced on an As Fed Dry Matter (DM) basis. That means we take into consideration the amount of moisture (water) that is in the feed. Almost all organic plant matter feed has some content of moisture in it. Alfalfa hay, for example, is dried to make the hay, but it is not 100% dry. The NRC data gives alfalfa an As Fed DM value of 90%. That makes things a bit more complicated. When we feed the 20lbs of alfalfa to our horse, we’re only feeding 90% of that as nutrient content in the Dry Matter. The other 10% is water weight. So 20 lbs of alfalfa = 18lbs of DM + 2 lbs of water. (90%x20)+(10%x20) =20lbs alfalfa hay. The video is not incorrect, it just simplifies the feed amount. Following our 1000lb body wt example, how much alfalfa should we feed each of the following horses? 1200lb body wt. 1100lb body wt. 1150 lb body wt. 1300 lb body wt.
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Answer:
Summary
When converting nutritional profiles and feed weights, it is important to always evaluate the question or problem. Should the final answer have a larger or smaller number? As a rule of thumb, when converting from an as-fed to dry matter basis, nutrient concentrations will increase, but weight will decrease. When converting from a dry matter to as-fed basis, water is added so nutrient concentrations will be diluted or decrease, but weight will increase. Then, it’s a matter of arithmetic. Multiplication by a percentage less than 100 expressed as a decimal will yield a smaller number, whereas division by a percentage less than 100 expressed as a decimal will generate a larger number. The decimal is always the dry matter percentage of the feed.
Explanation:
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Explanation:
How do you compare the protein value of hay to haylage? How do you compare the energy content of dried versus high-moisture corn? If a recommended ration is provided on a dry matter basis, and it contains feeds that vary significantly in moisture content, how much of each ingredient needs to be fed? Your nutritionist said the cattle should consume 24 lb of dry matter daily, but you’re feeding nearly 50 lb. How can that be? The answer to each question is associated with developing an understanding of dry matter and associated dry matter conversions.
Simplistically, feeds consist of two major portions — water and dry matter. While water is physiologically critical, the nutrients (energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins) are found in the dry matter portion, so it is important to know what percentage of the feed is dry matter. Some feeds, including fresh forages and silages, contain significant amounts of water. Others, however, may appear and feel dry, but still contain 10-12 percent water. If feeds are allowed to air dry (eg., hay), approximately 10 percent water will remain. To determine actual dry matter percentage, feed samples must be placed in a special oven set to 105oC that will evaporate off all moisture. Once actual dry matter percentages of different feeds are known, nutritional comparisons can be conducted and rations properly evaluated.
Nutrient Profile Conversions
Figure 1. Dry Matter Conversions
Figure 1. Dry Matter Conversions
Figure 2. Setting up Equivalent Ratios for Nutrient Conversions
Figure 2. Setting up Equivalent Ratios for Nutrient Conversions
The nutrient composition of feeds is commonly expressed as a percentage or quantity per unit of weight (Mcal/lb, kcal/lb, g/lb, etc.) using one of the following bases: 1) dry matter, 2) as-fed, or 3) air-dry. The dry matter basis assumes no water is present — 100 percent dry matter. This expression of nutrient composition is commonly used to compare forages and other feeds that may differ significantly in dry matter content. The as-fed expression represents feed as it would be fed to the animal, including water. When feeds are allowed to air dry, most feeds eventually equilibrate to 90 percent dry matter (10 percent moisture). Thus, nutrient expressions conducted on an air-dry basis assume the presence of 10 percent water. Nutrient profiles shown on feed tags are expressed on an air-dry basis.
Because nutrients are found in the dry matter portion of feeds, the physical quantity of nutrients will NOT change when water is added or removed. However, the percentage of nutrient present in the feed will change if water is added or removed. The denominator used to calculate nutrient percentages is total feed weight, including water that may be present. When water is removed, the physical quantity of nutrients will remain unchanged, but the percentage of that nutrient in the feed will increase because it becomes more CONCENTRATED with the removal of water. Similarly, if water is added, the physical quantity of nutrients will not change, but the percentage of that nutrient in the feed will decrease because it is DILUTED with water (Figure 1).
All nutrient conversions from one basis to another can be set up using equivalent ratios as shown in Figure 2. The known nutrient value for a given dry matter expression (dry matter, as-fed or air-dry basis) is placed over its associated and known dry matter percentage to establish the ratio on the left side of the equation. On the right side, the unknown nutrient value is placed over its associated and known dry matter percentage. Remember, when nutrient profiles are expressed on a dry matter basis, 100 percent dry matter is assumed. When nutrients are expressed on an air-dry basis, 90 percent dry matter is assumed. To properly determine as-fed dry matter percentage values, the feed must be appropriately tested.
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