Question

Question 12.13 Identify the reagents shown in bold in the following equations as nucleophiles or electrophiles:

Class XI Organic Chemistry : Some Basic Principles and Techniques Page 362

Answer 1

Electrophile :-  ELECTRO + PHILLIC 
                              |                       | 
                       electron             loving 
                   (-ve charge)   
electrophile means negative center loving species.
          the species that can accept an electron pair is known as electrophile. 
 How to identified a electrophile:
  1.  all simple cation is electrophile ( H⁺,Br⁺,NO⁺ etc)
  2. The species with vacant d- orbital in central atom (PCl₃,SF₆ 
  3.  All halogens 
  4. atoms with sextet (O,S, Se etc)

(b)NUCLEOPHILE : NUCLEO   + PHILE 
                                      |                   |
                              nucleus            loving
                             (+ve charge)
thus, positive center loving species are known as nucleophile.
the species that can give a lone pair of electron is known as nucleophile. 
How to identified nucleophile :
 1.  usually anions are nucleophile (NH₂⁻,OH⁻,CH₃⁻ etc)
 2. the species having lone pair on the central atom are nucleophiles.(NH₃,H₂O,ROH  etc)

  after learning about nucleophile and electrophile . now solve the question.
(a) OH⁻ is electron-rich species hence it  acts as nucleophile.
(b) CN⁻ is electron-rich species hence, it acts as nucleophile.
(c) CH₃CO⁺ is electron-deficient species, it acts as electrophile.

Answer 2

1. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! done !!!!!!!!!!!!