Question 4 There are many similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two examples of changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Massai herders.
Class 9 - Social science - Pastoralists in the Modern World Page 116
Answers
Both India and East Africa were colonies under European colonial powers. Therefore their exploitation was based on somewhat similar lines.
a) Forest laws:
Various forest laws were also responsible for changing the lives of pastoralists both in India and Africa.
In India the forest were classed as reserved and protected. No pastoralist was allowed an access into the reserved forest.
One of the problem is the Maasai people have faced is the continuous loss of their grazing lands. The colonial government increase the local peasants to expand cultivation.
In India too, the colonial power transferred the Pasture lands from common people to individuals.
In Africa large areas of grazing lands were turned into game Reserves. The pastoralists were not allowed to enter in this Reserves.
In India as well vast pastoral lands were reserved for hunting and sport.
b) Closing of borders:
In Africa , Maasailand was cut into half with the International boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika. The best land was taken over by the White settlers and the locals were pushed into small area with restricted pastures.
In India the division of country forced the Raikas find out the new pastures in Haryana as due to political division they were no longer allowed to go to Sindh a Pakistani province. The Sindh province has become a part of Pakistan and the herders cannot go there.
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