Question 5 Write short notes on the functions of the following hormones,
(a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
(b) Thyroid hormones
(c) Thymosins
(d) Androgens
(e) Estrogens
(f) Insulin and Glucagon
Class - XI - Biology Chapter Chemical Coordination and Integration Page No. 341
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(a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH): It is secreted by Parathyroid gland. It increases the Ca2+levels in the blood. PTH promotes the reabsorption of calcium from nephrons and also, promotes the absorption of calcium from digested food. Thus, it plays an important role in calcium balance in the body.
(b) Thyroid hormones: Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the basal metabolic rate. These hormones also support the process of red blood cell formation. Thyroid hormones control the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance is also influenced by thyroid hormones. Thyroid gland also secretes a protein
hormone called thyrocalcitonin (TCT) which regulates the blood calcium levels.
(c) Thymosins: It play a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-mediated immunity. It also promote production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity.
(d) Androgens: It regulate the development, maturation and functions of the male accessory sex organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra etc. Androgens mainly testosterone stimulate muscular growth, growth of facial and axillary hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice etc. It stimulates spermatogenesis and formation of mature sperms and also influences male sexual behaviour. These hormones also produce synthetic effects on protein and carbohydrate metabolism.
(e) Estrogens: It produce wide ranging actions such as stimulation of growth and activities of female secondary sex organs, development of growing ovarian follicles, appearance of female secondary sex characters (e.g., high pitch of voice, etc.), mammary gland development. Estrogens also regulate female sexual behaviour.
(f) Insulin and Glucagon: These hormones are secreted by pancreas and helps in regulation of glucose level in body.
Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. It acts mainly on hepatocytes and adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue), and enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation. It also stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis) in the target cells.
Glucagon plays an important role in maintaining the normal blood glucose levels. Glucagon acts mainly on the liver cells (hepatocytes) and stimulates glycogenolysis resulting in an increased blood sugar (hyperglycemia). It also stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis which also contributes to
hyperglycemia.
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(a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH): It is secreted by Parathyroid gland. It increases the Ca2+ levels in the blood. PTH promotes the reabsorption of calcium from nephrons and also, promotes the absorption of calcium from digested food. Thus, it plays an important role in calcium balance in the body.
(b) Thyroid hormones: Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the basal metabolic rate. These hormones also support the process of red blood cell formation. Thyroid hormones control the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance is also influenced by thyroid hormones. Thyroid gland also secretes a protein
hormone called thyrocalcitonin (TCT) which regulates the blood calcium levels.
(c) Thymosins: It play a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-mediated immunity. It also promote production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity.
(d) Androgens: It regulate the development, maturation and functions of the male accessory sex organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra etc. Androgens mainly testosterone stimulate muscular growth, growth of facial and axillary hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice etc. It stimulates spermatogenesis and formation of mature sperms and also influences male sexual behaviour. These hormones also produce synthetic effects on protein and carbohydrate metabolism.
(e) Estrogens: It produce wide ranging actions such as stimulation of growth and activities of female secondary sex organs, development of growing ovarian follicles, appearance of female secondary sex characters mammary gland development. Estrogens also regulate female sexual behaviour.
(f) Insulin and Glucagon: These hormones are secreted by pancreas and helps in regulation of glucose level in body.
Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. It acts mainly on hepatocytes and adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue), and enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation. It also stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis) in the target cells.
*Glucagon plays an important role in maintaining the normal blood glucose levels. Glucagon acts mainly on the liver cells and stimulates glycogenolysis resulting in an increased blood sugar. It also stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis which alsoc ontributes to hyperglycemia
(b) Thyroid hormones: Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the basal metabolic rate. These hormones also support the process of red blood cell formation. Thyroid hormones control the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance is also influenced by thyroid hormones. Thyroid gland also secretes a protein
hormone called thyrocalcitonin (TCT) which regulates the blood calcium levels.
(c) Thymosins: It play a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-mediated immunity. It also promote production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity.
(d) Androgens: It regulate the development, maturation and functions of the male accessory sex organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra etc. Androgens mainly testosterone stimulate muscular growth, growth of facial and axillary hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice etc. It stimulates spermatogenesis and formation of mature sperms and also influences male sexual behaviour. These hormones also produce synthetic effects on protein and carbohydrate metabolism.
(e) Estrogens: It produce wide ranging actions such as stimulation of growth and activities of female secondary sex organs, development of growing ovarian follicles, appearance of female secondary sex characters mammary gland development. Estrogens also regulate female sexual behaviour.
(f) Insulin and Glucagon: These hormones are secreted by pancreas and helps in regulation of glucose level in body.
Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. It acts mainly on hepatocytes and adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue), and enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation. It also stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis) in the target cells.
*Glucagon plays an important role in maintaining the normal blood glucose levels. Glucagon acts mainly on the liver cells and stimulates glycogenolysis resulting in an increased blood sugar. It also stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis which alsoc ontributes to hyperglycemia
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