Question

Question 8: Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (a) Innate and acquired immunity (b) Active and passive immunity

Class 12 - Biology - Human Health and Disease Page 164

Answer 1

S.N.

Characteristics

Innate Immunity

Adaptive immunity

1.PresenceInnate immunity is something already present in the body.Adaptive immunity is created in response to exposure to a foreign substance.2.SpecificityNon-SpecificSpecific3.ResponseFights any foreign invaderFight only specific infection4.ResponseRapidSlow (1-2 weeks)5.PotencyLimited and Lower potencyHigh potency6.Time spanOnce activated against a specific type of antigen, the immunity remains throughout the life.The span of developed immunity can be lifelong or short.7.InheritanceInnate type of immunity is generally inherited from parents and passed to offspring.Adaptive immunity is not passed from the parents to offspring, hence it cannot be inherited.8.MemoryCannot react with equal potency upon repeated exposure to the same pathogen.Adaptive system can remember the specific pathogens which have encountered before.9.PresencePresent at birthDevelops during a person’s lifetime and can be short-lived.10.Allergic ReactionNoneImmediate and Delay hypersensitivity11.Used AgainstFor microbesMicrobes and non-microbial substances called antigens12.MemoryNo memoryLong term memory13.DiversityLimitedHigh14.SpeedFaster responseSlower response15.Complement system activationAlternative and lectin pathwaysClassical pathway16.Anatomic and physiological barriersSkin, Mucous membranes, Temp, pH, chemicals, etc.Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue.17.CompositionThe innate immune system is composed of physical and chemical barriers, phagocytic leukocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and plasma proteins.Adaptive immune system is composed of B cells and T cells.18.DevelopmentEvolutionary, older and is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates.Adaptive immunity system has been developed recently and is found only in the vertebrates.19.ExampleWhite blood cells fighting bacteria, causing redness and swelling, when you have a cut.Chickenpox vaccination so that we don’t get chickenpox because adaptive immunity system has remembered the foreign body

Answer 2

Acquired immunity
1.
It is a non−pathogen specific type of defense mechanism.
1.
It is a pathogen specific type of defense mechanism.
2.
It is inherited from parents and protects the individual since birth.
2.
It is acquired after the birth of an individual.
3.
It operates by providing barriers against the entry of foreign infectious agents.
3.
It operates by producing primary and secondary responses, which are mediated by B­−lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
4
It does not have a specific memory.
4
It is characterized by an immunological memory.

Passive immunity
1.
It is a type of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.

1.
It is a type of acquired immunity in which readymade antibodies are transferred from one individual to another.
2.
It has a long lasting effect.
2.
It does not have long lasting effect.
3.
It is slow. It takes time in producing antibodies and giving responses.
3.
It is fast. It provides immediate relief.
4.
Injecting microbes through vaccination inside the body is an example of active immunity.
4.
Transfer of antibodies present in the mother’s milk to the infant is an example of passive immunity.