Question

Question 8. Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. What did it mean for the middle class in France? Explain. (3) OR The French used school textbooks in Vietnam to justify colonial rule. Explain. Question 9. “Not everyone welcomed the printed book, and those who did also had fears about it.” Justify the statement by giving three arguments. (3) OR “Colonial administrators found „vernacular‟ novels a valuable source of information on native life and customs.” Prove the statement by giving three evidences. Question 10. Explain any three reasons for which the multi-purpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition in the recent years. (3)

Answer 1

The reasons for multi-purpose projects and large dams coming under great scrutiny and opposition are (i) Local communities have been displaced from their original setdement areas, with consequent loss of livelihood and income.
(ii) These projects create conflicts between people
wanting to avail benefits from the same water
resources. This leads to unsetded disputes.
(iii) Objections have been raised about sedimentation of the reservoirs leading to floods in nearby areas, causing land degradation by deprivation of silt (a natural fertilizer) to the land, and other consequent problems associated with such projects.