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Answer 1

D.

1. Viruses are sub-microscopic microorganisms. They are made up of RNA only. They don't show any characteristics of living organisms until or unless they enter into the body of other organisms. Therefore, they are considered as being at the borderline between living and non-living.
2. Fermentation is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available. Fermentation occurs in yeast cells. Use in food and beverage industry (i) Used to give texture to food such as bread, cakes, etc. (ii) Used to prepare alcohol and fermented juice. (iii) Used to produce flavour and aroma.
3. Microorganisms are considered as the cleaners of the environment. They. keep the environment clean by decomposing dead plants and animals. Therefore, in their absence, earth would become a heap of dead plants and animals.
4. (i) nitrogen. (ii) Pea is a leguminous plant. In its root nodules, nitrogen fixing bacteria are present. These bacteria fix the atmospheric nitrogen into the soil in the form of nitrogen compounds, thus enriching the soil with nitrogen.
5. It takes less time to prepare curd in summers because in summers the temperature is high as compared to those of winters which favors the growth of yeast and hence curd is formed easily.
6. (a) Principal mode of spread of malaria is by the bites of female Anopheles mosquito.When you get bitten by the mosquito which carries the malaria parasite, the parasite enters your bloodstream. It is then carried to your liver, where it multiplies. (b) Viruses that cause colds can spread from infected people to others through the air and close personal contact. You can also get infected through contact with stool (poop) or respiratory secretions from an infected person. (c) A person usually becomes infected with tetanus when dirt enters a wound or cut. Tetanus germs are likely to grow in deep puncture wounds caused by dirty nails, knives, tools, wood splinters, and animal bites. (d)The bacteria that cause typhoid fever spread through contaminated food or water and occasionally through direct contact with someone who is infected.
7. Antibiotics are medicines that help stop infections caused by bacteria. In the earliest years of antibiotic discovery, the antibiotics were naturally produced antibiotics and were either produced by fungi, such as the antibiotic penicillin, or by soil bacteria, which can produce antibiotics including streptomycin and tetracycline.But nowadays,antibiotics are produced industrially by a process of fermentation, where the source microorganism is grown in large containers containing a liquid growth medium. e.g.- penicillin, tetracycline,etc.

E.

1. Microorganisms are very helpful to humans. They help us to produce a lot of food substances.

For e.g. -

• Microorganisms help to make cakes and breads fluffy.
• Lactobacillus helps in the preparation of curd.
• They also help in production of alcohol.
• Dome microorganisms are used to prepare medicines.
• They are also used to give flavour and aroma to food items.

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