question answers of chapter poverty class 9th
Answers
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Question 1. Describe how poverty line is estimated in India.
Answer : A common method used to measure poverty is based on income or consumption levels. A person is considered poor if his or her income or ption level falls below a given minimum level necessary to fulfill
consumption needs.
(a) While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light educational and medical requirement etc are determined for subsistence. These physical quantities are multiplied by their price in rupees.
(b) The present formula for food requirement while estimating the poverty line is based on the desired calorie requirement.
(c) Food items such a cereals, pulses, vegetables, milk, oil, sugar etc together provide these needed calories. The need of calories depends on age and the work done by a person.
(d) The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas.
(e) The calorie requirement of the people in rural areas is higher than that of the people living in urban areas because they do more physical work as compared to urban people.
(f) On the basis of these calculations for the year 2000, the poverty line for a person was fixed at ₹ 328 per month for the rural areas and ₹ 454 for the urban areas.
Despite less calorie requirement the higher amount for urban areas is because of the high prices of many essential products in urban centres.
Question 2. Do you think the present methodology of poverty estimation is appropriate?
Answer : No, the present methodology of poverty estimation is in appropriate becuse it takes into account only the basic needs of food clothing, fuel, etc. But the quality of these basic necessities is the lowest quality available, which is not appropriate.
(a) The amount which is fixed as the poverty line does not include the margin for price fluctuations and price rise which is constantly occunng.
(b) The poverty line should include some correction for inflation and to take care of the market fluctuations.
Question 3. Describe the poverty trends in India since 1973.
Answer :
There was a substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about 55 % in 1973 to 36 % in 1993.
(a) The proportion of people below poverty line further came down to about 26 % in 2000.
(b) If the trend continues, people below poverty line may come down to less than 20 % in the next few years.
(c) Although the percentage of the people living under poverty declined in the earlier two decades (1973-1993) the number of poor remained stable around 320 million for a fairly long period.
(d) The latest estimates Indicate a significant reduction in the number of poor to about 260 million.
Question 4. Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India.
Answer :
The various causes of poverty in India are Colonial Economic Policies
(a) One historical reason of poverty in India is the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration
(b) The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts and discouraged developments of industries and textiles.
(c) The low rate of growth persisted until the 1980s. This resulted in less job opportunities and low growth rate of incomes.
(d) The government failure on both fronts. i.e.. promotion of economic growth and population control perpetuated the cycle of poverty.
Not Enough Jobs in Industries
The Industries set up in the public and private sector provided jobs to many people but the number of job seekers was far more than tile jobs available and a large number of people remafned unemployed leading to poverty.
Revolution and Employment
(a) The Green Revolution enabled multiple cropping or growing of 2 to 3 crops in, year, which created demand for labour in the agriculture sector. However, the Green Revolution was limited mainly to Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh and provided limited opportunities