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An earthquake in simple words is shaking of the earth. It is a natural event. It is caused due to the release of energy, which generates waves that travel in all directions.
An earthquake—a sudden motion of a part of the earth caused by an abrupt release of slowly accumulating stress—is a potent natural hazard. Although more infrequent than other types of natural disasters, an earthquake can cause devastation and loss of life on a scale far greater than any other individual natural hazard and is, therefore, generally regarded as the most destructive of the various forces of nature.
Earthquakes are shock waves that are transmitted from an epicenter, which can extend from the surface to 700 km beneath the Earth’s crust. Earthquakes generate a number of types of waves, viz., P-wave (compressional wave), S-wave (pro-pagational wave) and L-wave (long wave). The P-waves spread out from the centre of the earthquake. It consists of alternating compression and dilation.
The S-wave behaves very much like the propagation of a wave down a skipping rope that is being been shaken up and down. L-waves trapped between the surface of the earth and the crustal layers lower down, and spread slowly outwards from the epicenter along the surface of the globe.
Of all natural hazards, earthquakes generate the largest and longest range of associated phenomena that can be used to foreshadow the timing of the impending events.
Precursors of earthquakes group into the following five categories: land deformation, seismic activity, geomagnetic and geo-electric activity, ground water and natural phenomena (like catfish movement, aggressiveness of pigs, etc.). However, fool-proof prediction of large earthquakes is still not possible.
Seismic risk zone mapping was done through a variety of studies in many countries of Asia, Australia, and Alaska region. In India, risk zones (Zone I to V) were made depending on the geomorphic and other features of landforms. Appropriate land based activities and build structures were suggest as a mitigative measures.
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