Question

Rate of economic yield to the whole biological yield is

Answer 1

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Crop harvest indices can be reduced by pests and diseases through impacts on flowers or seed and pod development, or indirectly through destruction of grain. Diseases and pests can reduce kernel number or size, for example, Hoffman and Kolb (1998) showed that HI in wheat was correlated with the incidence of bean yellow mosaic virus, and McKirdy et al. (2002) showed that this virus caused shriveled grain in wheat, but less so in oat. In Australia pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) and other insect pests can inflict significant yield losses on grain legume crops (Hardie et al., 1995), significantly reducing economic yield and harvest index.