Ravinder created a portable incinerator to be installed in the house the drive is generated at home can be converted by it into as that can be used as manure for plants he has installed 5 photo types of this in sarater in his society to test its working and to prove its core value Ravinder is in the _______ stage of his product
a) idea germination
b) incubation
c) verification
d) preparation
Answers
Answer:
The tremendous rise in municipal solid waste (MSW) in the fast-growing cities of developing and
emerging countries have led to increasing public concerns with regards to the resultant health and
environmental impacts. Today, the waste of about 3 billion people is still disposed of in an un-
controlled manner [1]. As citizens and decision makers become more sensitive to environmental
pollution and its impact on their quality of life, municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is
gaining importance on the local political agenda. In the quest to modernise their waste manage-
ment systems, local decision makers frequently face the question of whether they should invest in
Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies. WtE technologies are increasingly presented as an attractive
option to solve not only the pressing waste disposal problems but several other challenges simulta-
neously: shortages in power generation, limited space for landfills, and greenhouse gas emissions
from inappropriate waste disposal. However, the introduction of WtE technologies is often jeopard-
ized by common obstacles such as missing tariff systems to fund investments and operation costs,
weak enforcement of environmental laws and limited qualified staff to run the installed systems
in an efficient and effective manner. If such aspects are not taken into account, WtE projects risk
failing at the cost of the municipality and local environment.
Why this Guide?
The Waste-to-Energy discussion can be difficult to follow due to the high complexity of the
different technologies, and indeed WtE is sometimes advertised as a silver bullet to solve all of a
municipality’s waste and energy problems. However, framework conditions in most developing
and emerging countries are essentially different to those that have seen the rise of WtE projects in
industrialised countries, where utility size waste to energy plants are increasingly common. Even
though from a technological point of view almost anything is possible, it does not follow that every
technology can be made to fit local conditions. The bigger picture must be taken into account to
decide upon the applicability and the suitability in a given context. Advice must go beyond mere
technical aspects.
Waste-to-Energy Options in Muncipal Solid Waste Management - A Guide for Decision Makers in
Developing and Emerging Countries outlines the different WtE technologies currently applied at
the municipal level and their potential role in an integrated waste management system. This Guide
seeks to assist decision makers and their advisors in assessing the opportunities, limits and risks of
the various WtE technologies for effective planning and efficient investments in waste management.
It aims to 1) make the present discussion on WtE more transparent, 2) provide a technical, finan-
cial, institutional, social, environmental and legal overview of the most often applied WtE technol-
ogies, and 3) highlight the implications and boundaries for their application while considering in-
ternationally recognized environmental standards. In particular, it explains the need to look closely
at whether local waste management conditions are appropriate before considering a WtE option. It
does not replace the need for a professional feasibility assessment in the planning of a WtE project.
This guide was developed by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH
(GIZ) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
(BMZ) in cooperation with the University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland