reactions showing formation of precipitate
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Reactions in Aqueous SolutionsUnique Features of Aqueous Solutions
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Precipitation reactions occur when cations and anions in aqueous solution combine to form an insoluble ionic solid called a precipitate. Whether or not such a reaction occurs can be determined by using the solubility rules for common ionic solids. Because not all aqueous reactions form precipitates, one must consult the solubility rules before determining the state of the products and writing a net ionic equation.The ability to predict these reactions allows scientists to determine which ions are present in a solution, and allows industries to form chemicals by extracting components from these reactions.
Properties of Precipitates
Precipitates are insoluble ionic solid products of a reaction, formed when certain cations and anions combine in an aqueous solution. The determining factors of the formation of a precipitate can vary. Some reactions depend on temperature, such as solutions used for buffers, whereas others are dependent only on solution concentration. The solids produced in precipitate reactions are crystalline solids, and can be suspended throughout the liquid or fall to the bottom of the solution. The remaining fluid is called supernatant liquid. The two components of the mixture (precipitate and supernate) can be separated by various methods, such as filtration, centrifuging, or decanting.

Figure 1: Above is a diagram of the formation of a precipitate in solution.
Precipitation and Double Replacement Reactions
The use of solubility rules require an understanding of the way that ions react. Most precipitation reactions are single replacement reactions or double replacement reactions. A double replacement reaction occurs when two ionic reactants dissociate and bond with the respective anion or cation from the other reactant. The ions replace each other based on their charges as either a cation or an anion. This can be thought of as "switching partners"; that is, the two reactants each "lose" their partner and form a bond with a different partner:

Figure 2: A double replacement reaction
A double replacement reaction is specifically classified as a precipitation reaction when the chemical equation in question occurs in aqueous solution and one of the of the products formed is insoluble. An example of a precipitation reaction is given below:
CdSO4(aq)+K2S(aq)→CdS(s)+K2SO4(aq)(1.1)(1.1)CdSO4(aq)+K2S(aq)→CdS(s)+K2SO4(aq)
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Precipitation reactions occur when cations and anions in aqueous solution combine to form an insoluble ionic solid called a precipitate. Whether or not such a reaction occurs can be determined by using the solubility rules for common ionic solids. Because not all aqueous reactions form precipitates, one must consult the solubility rules before determining the state of the products and writing a net ionic equation.The ability to predict these reactions allows scientists to determine which ions are present in a solution, and allows industries to form chemicals by extracting components from these reactions.
Properties of Precipitates
Precipitates are insoluble ionic solid products of a reaction, formed when certain cations and anions combine in an aqueous solution. The determining factors of the formation of a precipitate can vary. Some reactions depend on temperature, such as solutions used for buffers, whereas others are dependent only on solution concentration. The solids produced in precipitate reactions are crystalline solids, and can be suspended throughout the liquid or fall to the bottom of the solution. The remaining fluid is called supernatant liquid. The two components of the mixture (precipitate and supernate) can be separated by various methods, such as filtration, centrifuging, or decanting.

Figure 1: Above is a diagram of the formation of a precipitate in solution.
Precipitation and Double Replacement Reactions
The use of solubility rules require an understanding of the way that ions react. Most precipitation reactions are single replacement reactions or double replacement reactions. A double replacement reaction occurs when two ionic reactants dissociate and bond with the respective anion or cation from the other reactant. The ions replace each other based on their charges as either a cation or an anion. This can be thought of as "switching partners"; that is, the two reactants each "lose" their partner and form a bond with a different partner:

Figure 2: A double replacement reaction
A double replacement reaction is specifically classified as a precipitation reaction when the chemical equation in question occurs in aqueous solution and one of the of the products formed is insoluble. An example of a precipitation reaction is given below:
CdSO4(aq)+K2S(aq)→CdS(s)+K2SO4(aq)(1.1)(1.1)CdSO4(aq)+K2S(aq)→CdS(s)+K2SO4(aq)
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(i) AgNO3+NaCl ---》AgCl + NaNO3
(ii) AgNO3 + KCl ---》AgCl + KNO3
(iii) 2KOH + CaCl2 ---》 Ca(OH)2 + 2KCl
(iv) Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl ---》 MgCl2 +2H2O
(ii) AgNO3 + KCl ---》AgCl + KNO3
(iii) 2KOH + CaCl2 ---》 Ca(OH)2 + 2KCl
(iv) Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl ---》 MgCl2 +2H2O
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