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1. whats the research question?
2. summarize the theory
3. whats the main hypothesis
4. what were the limitations and why were they important for internal validity
5. what design features did the authors use to improve on the limitations of previous work
6. how did the authors address external validity
Answers
Answer:
Reliability essentially refers to the stability and repeatability of measures.
Reliable measures still can be biased (differ from the true value) or confounded (measure more than 1 thing simultaneously).
Strong internal validity refers to the unambiguous assignment of causes to effects. Internal validity addresses causal control.
External validity addresses the ability to generalize a study to other people and/or to other situations.
Construct validity is about the correspondence between concepts (constructs) and the actual measurements. A measure with high construct validity accurately reflects the abstract concept that the researcher wants to study.
Measure carefully. Measure more than once. Use more than one measure of a construct.
According to science rules, definitive proof via empirical testing does not exist; alternative causes may be later discovered.
Results from careful, well-controlled experiments are typically easier to interpret in causal terms than results from other methods.
However, causal inferences can sometimes also be drawn from correlational studies.
Explanation:
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