Read the articles of Isaac Newton and Edwin Hubble. Compare the scientists' works on the understanding of the universe.
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Born: January 4, 1643; Lincolnshire, England. Died: March 31, 1727; London, England. Portrait of Isaac Newton © CORBIS
Sir Isaac Newton developed the three basic laws of motion and the theory of universal gravity, which together laid the foundation for our current understanding of physics and the Universe.
Early Life and Education
Newton was born prematurely and not expected to survive. His dad had died before his birth, and when he was 3 his mother remarried and left him with his grandparents on a farm in Lincolnshire, England, about 100 miles north of London, while she moved to a village a mile and a half away from him. He grew up with few playmates and amused himself by contemplating the world around him.
His mother returned when Newton was 11 years old and sent him to King’s School, eight miles away. Rather than playing after school with the other boys, Newton spent his free time making wooden models, kites of various designs, sundials, even a water clock. When his mother, who was hardly literate, took him out of school at 15 to turn him into a farmer, the headmaster, Henry Stokes, who recognized where Newton’s talents lay, prevailed on her to let Newton return to school and prepare for university.
Newton attended Cambridge University from 1661 to 1665. The university temporarily closed soon after he got his degree because people in urban areas were dying from the plague. Newton retreated to his grandparents’ farm for two years, during which time he proved that “white” light was com- posed of all colors and started to figure out calculus and universal gravitation — all before he was 24 years old.