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Two species of gorillas live in central equatorial Africa. Divergence
between the Eastern Gorillas and Western Gorillas began between 0.9 and
1.6 million years ago and now the two species live several hundred
kilometres apart. New research published by BioMed Central's open access
journal BMC Evolutionary biology shows that the divergence of Western
lowland gorillas and critically endangered cross river gorillas occurred more
recently, about 17,800 years ago, during the Pleistocene era. An evolutionary
model of the two subspecies of Western gorillas was generated using micro
- satellite genotyping of living gorillas and 100 year old museum specimens.
This data showed that, although Cross River gorillas diverged from Western
lowland Gorillas about 17,800 years ago, the two subspecies continued to
intermittently interbreed. Drs. Thalmann and Wegmann suggest that climate
change during the Pleistocene era caused the forests to expand, permitting
Western Gorillas to expand their range and interbreed. When the forest
contracted again the gorillas were separated into two populations which
began to diverge.
Successive rounds of climate change resulted in periods when the
two subspecies could interbreed followed by repeated episodes of isolation
of the Cross River Population. The model indicates that gene flow finally
stopped between the two subspecies approximately 420 years ago. Over the
last 320 years ago there has been a 60 % decrease in the numbers of Cross
River gorillas causing a loss of genetic diversity within the population.
Dr. Thalmann said, "The number of Cross River gorillas has continued to
decrease due to anthropogenic pressure. There are thought to be fewer than
300 individuals left." He continued "It is unclear what effect this loss of
genetic diversity will have on the long term viability of Cross River gorillas."
But, given that this bottleneck occurred so recently, it is possible that if the
population was allowed to expand the loss of diversity could be stopped.​

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